Electric vehicle (EV) adoption in the Netherlands has been increasing, as a response to climate change and urban pollution. A scale up of the public charging infrastructure is required to satisfy the future charging demand. This is a challenge for the policy makers and stakeholders involved, as there are still many uncertainties in EV adoption and mobility. The goal of this research is to identify pathways to scale-up the public EV charging infrastructure in residential areas. The research takes into account various perspectives and challenges related to the EV transition, such as mobility policy, charging behavior, energy infrastructure, and accessibility of the charging infrastructure. The main research question is:

”How can public EV charging infrastructure in residential areas be scaled-up?”

The study contains five chapters to answer this question. Four of these chapters include studies that were published in journals and conference proceedings. The research approach consists of literature studies, data analysis, policy analysis,multiple criteria analysis, and agent-based modeling. The individual studies all contribute to understanding different parts of the charging system. The following paragraphs summarize each of the five studies.@en

Green hydrogen is emerging as a critical component in the global fight against climate change, offering a viable pathway to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and facilitate the transition to a low carbon economy. As renewable energy sources (RES) like wind and solar become more prevalent, the challenge of their variable supply and the resulting green hydrogen production, demands robust energy storage solutions to ensure stability and flexibility in the energy supply. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in salt caverns has been technically proven as an efficient and effective method to address these challenges. However, despite the growing need for UHS, the development of such projects is lagging behind.
The study applied and extended the Institutional Network Analysis (INA) method to the case study of UHS in salt caverns in the Netherlands. The INA method is designed to identify institutional relations and analyse how formal and informal institutions interact within an institutional environment. In this research, the method was modified to focus exclusively on formal institutions, excluding informal institutions. Two extensions were made to deepen the analysis. First, a rule typology analysis was added to analyse the key characteristics of the formal rules within the institutional environment. Second, the approach was further refined by categorizing drivers behind institutional connections.
The application of the extended INA methodology uncovered several critical insights into the institutional environment governing UHS in salt caverns. First, the study identified a misalignment between the Dutch government’s policy intentions, as outlined in the Subsurface Spatial Planning Vision, and the actual practices dictated by the Environment and Planning Act. While the Act emphasizes participation and the opportunity for third parties to propose solutions, the Vision often rules out these possibilities by pre-determining the most fitting solution for a specific problem. Second, the analysis revealed an institutional void, particularly in the area of participatory governance. Although many formal institutions advocate for a participatory approach, the policy documents lack clear guidelines on how third parties should be included in decision-making processes and how the effectiveness of participation strategies should be assessed. Next, the study highlighted the central role of specific actors, such as the competent authority and project developers, who hold significant influence within the institutional network. Additionally, several objects related to permit applications and operational procedures were identified as potential bottlenecks due to their high embeddedness scores. Lastly, the analysis of the rule typology revealed that boundary, information, and position rules are the most prevalent within the institutional context. This suggests that the institutional environment is heavily focused on regulating access and exit within the context and ensuring the dissemination of information to relevant stakeholders.

Hydrogen is becoming increasingly integral to global energy transition strategies, especially in sectors difficult to electrify. In the Netherlands, industrial clusters are expected to be key centers for sustainable hydrogen supply and demand. However, smaller industries outside the main clusters (Cluster 6) face significant challenges due to their distance from major demand points and the complexities of integrating hydrogen into their operations. They struggle with the high initial investment costs for on-site hydrogen generation, limited access to decarbonization subsidies, and the technical challenges posed by a congested electricity grid. The lower priority given to these regions in the hydrogen roll-out plan exacerbates the uncertainty and hesitancy among Cluster 6 industries, threatening the efficient development of regional hydrogen infrastructure and creating a risk of underutilization. The research employs a modeling approach and agent-based simulation to analyze the potential for collective action to overcome technical, economic, and institutional limitations, facilitating hydrogen production and consumption among smaller, dispersed industries. This approach allows for comparative analysis of emergent system behavior under different organizing principles, agent interactions, and government policy interventions. The simulation results highlight that collective investment is key to successful hydrogen transitions, with unified strategies leading to quicker and more effective outcomes. When driven by individual efforts instead of collective action, transitions tend to face delays and result with less sector inclusion. In regions with more hydrogen-dependent companies, contribution of collective action grows exponentially, with primary off-takers initiating the shift. However, relaxing subsidy criteria in such regional settings can weaken regional cooperation and slow progress. Therefore, designing region-specific policies that promote collaboration and encouraging communication and inclusiveness among companies can help achieve a smoother and more unified regional shift to hydrogen. Future research should address the limitations of the current study by incorporating more detailed cost-benefit analyses, exploring alternative hydrogen supply and transportation methods, and considering a broader range of factors influencing industrial decisions on hydrogen adoption.

Hydrogen is a crucial element in the transition to a sustainable energy system, with the Netherlands poised to use it in transportation, heating, and energy-intensive processes. Due to its existing gas infrastructure and strategic location, the Netherlands has the potential to become a leader in hydrogen technology, distribution, and trade. Despite numerous announcements and plans, the development of hydrogen distribution networks has yet to fully take off. European initiatives such as the European Hydrogen Backbone promote cross-border cooperation and hydrogen market formation. In the Netherlands, HyNetwork Services (HNS) is tasked with developing a national hydrogen network connecting major industrial hubs. However, at the regional level, no responsible parties have been appointed, and regulations are lacking. To develop efficient and effective regional hydrogen distribution networks, a clear regulatory framework is needed to provide stakeholders with security, clarity, and direction.

This research aimed to analyze the current and upcoming regulations influencing hydrogen distribution networks and to formulate possible reforms to accelerate their development. The main research question was: “How can regulatory frameworks influence the development of Dutch regional hydrogen distribution networks?” The research methodology involved a comprehensive literature review, stakeholder identification, and institutional analysis. The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework was employed to examine the regulatory context, while Institutional Grammar (IG) was used to simplify regulatory documents into institutional statements. Institutional Network Analysis (INA) provided a detailed map of these statements and their interactions. Data collection included document analysis and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from regulatory bodies, industry, and overarching organizations. These interviews offered crucial insights into the perspectives of actors in the Dutch hydrogen sector regarding current regulations, perceived barriers and drivers, and preferred changes or additions.

Key findings revealed that the primary regulatory documents governing hydrogen projects—the Environment and Planning Act, the Gas Act, and the Electricity Act—lack the specificity needed to support hydrogen network development. Upcoming regulations, such as the Energy Act and the EU Decarbonisation Package, emphasize integrating renewable energy sources, specifying roles in the future system, and laying the foundation for a hydrogen market. Stakeholders perceive the current regulatory environment as fragmented and insufficient, necessitating clearer guidelines and more supportive policies to reduce uncertainties and foster investment.

Identified barriers include the complexity of the permitting process, grid congestion, insufficient subsidy schemes, and the lack of norms and standards tailored to hydrogen. Conversely, drivers include the strategic importance of hydrogen in the energy transition, national and EU-level incentives, and hydrogen's potential to alleviate grid congestion and enhance energy security.

Based on document analysis and stakeholder interviews, several recommendations were made. These include simplifying the permitting process through increased flexibility in provincial ordinances, establishing a clear and robust subsidy scheme, implementing specific guidelines for hydrogen, and enhancing stakeholder collaboration. For regulatory bodies, it is advised to establish a dedicated national entity with Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to oversee hydrogen projects and streamline regulatory processes. DSOs should develop convincing development and investment plans, actively engage in the planning and development of hydrogen networks, and ensure regulatory alignment with energy transition goals.

The study also explored potential future strategies for regional hydrogen networks. These include the formation of independent hydrogen networks, expansion and integration of these networks into larger systems, and direct connections of regional clusters to the hydrogen backbone by DSOs. Addressing regulatory barriers and enhancing support mechanisms is essential for the Netherlands to lead in hydrogen technology and infrastructure development, contributing to national and global sustainability goals.

Currently, hydrogen consumption is heavily concentrated within larger inflexible industrial applications, where it is produced onsite for further downstream processing. Considering traditional production pathways have a high emission intensity, electrolytic hydrogen production could prove an essential decarbonization pathway for existing, unabated consumers and additional hard-to-abate industrial applications. While legislative frameworks limiting unwanted effects of the electrolytic hydrogen transition are being drafted, it is important to provide policymakers with quantitative data on the effects of this legislature. Other than emissions intensity standards, additionality principles are being considered in a number of these frameworks to further minimize unwanted effects. One of the central principles of additionality is a temporal-correlation requirement, which synchronizes renewable electricity generation with electrolyzer consumption over a predetermined period. The length of this period could significantly affect the intermittency of electrolyzer operations. Although this has been subject to debate, it has seen little attention in literature within the context of industrial applications, which bring substantial additional downstream constraints. It is imperative to understand the effects of these additionality principles quantitatively within the context of their dominant application, heavy industry. This could aid policymakers to arrive at a framework that minimizes the adverse effects of electrolytic hydrogen production while preventing cost increases that hinder widespread adoption.

A mixed-integer linear-programming problem is formulated to model an onsite electrolytic hydrogen production facility for a larger industrial downstream process. The downstream flexibility and temporal correlation constraints in this model are generalized to study their potential antagonistic effects abstractly. The downstream flexibility constraints considered are the minimum partial-load and the period over which production has to match the desired output, mimicking further downstream supply chain constraints. The model employs integrated design and operations optimization, considering the cost-optimal production facility will vary depending on the legislature and downstream process.

The results indicate that temporal correlation requirements affect the production costs of hydrogen as a consequence of limiting the operational flexibility. Additionally, strict temporal correlation requirements exacerbate the escalation of these costs. The availability of a geological storage site reduces the effects of temporal correlation requirements and DSP inflexibility on production costs. Regarding emissions, at current allowance prices, the ETS is not sufficient for emissions abatement of onsite electrolytic hydrogen production. On the other hand, temporal correlation requirements are an effective tool for reducing the attributable emissions intensity. However, a focus on emissions abatement for onsite electrolytic hydrogen production, without adjustments to the ETS, risks cost inefficient sectoral emissions reduction without reducing system emissions, due to leakage to other sectors.

Sustainable energy transition is the need of the hour, more so, because of the accelerated effects of climate change. This necessitates rapid, continuous, and persuasive political and technological approaches to enable an ecosystem of green alternatives for countries to support their net-zero ambitions. One such emerging technology approach is green hydrogen, which is hydrogen produced from renewable sources. Green hydrogen is considered as a versatile energy carrier to support transitioning of industries, energy systems and transport, towards sustainability. As such, globally, many countries have increasingly considered green hydrogen as a part of their decarbonisation plans. Today, at least 26 countries have adopted hydrogen policy strategies and supporting policy instruments. However, mere adoption is not enough – a test of policy effectiveness is required to evaluate whether policies will be executed in keeping with their stated objectives, whether the various policy instruments/tools introduced to support overall strategies will be collaborative or may conflict with one another, and whether the policies will address issues systematically or ad hoc. It becomes important to understand whether policy strategies and instruments, the underlying processes, and their characteristics - collectively called a policy mix- could actually support policy goals, objectives, and ambitions of various countries.

To combat the effects of climate change, there is a worldwide shift to reduced emissions and increased use of renewable energy sources. Solar energy is a vital part of this transition and necessary to be able to achieve the targets. The rapid pace of adaptation raises questions about the negative equity and justice associated with this development. Along with the rapid growth, regional differences in solar panel adoption have been found across the world. Besides, government incentives and policies have played an important role in both adoption growth and justice implications.

This study explores the pace and equitability of the solar energy transition in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The study evaluates the potential for solar energy, the disparity of adoption, what socio-economic factors are correlated to adoption patterns, and how adoption might evolve in the future and under different policy measures. To do so, a structured, integrated and data-driven approach is designed to meet the research objectives, and possibly serve as a policy tool for future studies.

The study shows that there is an "adoption gap" in Amsterdam, meaning that solar panels and the benefits of incentives end up with a specific group of citizens. Therefore, targeted policy measures are necessary to ensure an equitable transition.

Improving sustainability in industrial processes is a key topic for the welfare of the environment. One of the major environmental problems caused by industrial processes is industrial waste production. In the automotive industry, the use of polymers such as PA12 for prototyping produces tons of waste per year which are generally destined to incineration. Recycling could help reduce waste, but recycling procedures can be resource-consuming, therefore it might not always be efficient or more sustainable than traditional practices. In most cases, recycling involves extra steps in the process value chain, including finances, transportation, workforce, as well as machinery. To make sure recycling has positive effects in terms of sustainability on industrial processes, a framework to assess the sustainability of recycling procedures is needed.

In this study, it is proposed an assessment framework which considers four pillars of sustainability: (1) technical, (2) environmental, (3) economic, and (4) social. While the environmental, economic, and social pillars are usually considered in sustainability assessments, the technical pillar has been neglected and should be considered in understanding the sustainability of recycling procedures. This framework can be applied to gain insights into recycling procedures’ sustainability and help as a tool to decide which procedure to adopt. Likewise, it considers the company’s needs and objectives, as fundamental factor for the evaluation. In recycling procedures, the technical pillar should include indicators related to resource efficiency but also recycled material quality, an essential factor when evaluating their effectiveness. Such a framework, consisting of a ten steps approach, aims to facilitate the adoption of recycling procedures, through qualitative and quantitative assessments, on the basis of a set of indicators, selected within the four pillars of sustainability.
From the analysis of the current system, to the definition of objectives, design of the pathways, and the evaluation of sustainability indicators, the framework aims to allow companies to systematically assess and select a sustainable pathway in terms of defined objectives and environmental regulations.

The framework was applied to the case study of mechanical recycling of PA12 waste from automotive prototyping. The aim is to reduce plastic parts waste, to be turned into filament for Additive Manufacturing technologies for use as jigs and fixtures. Following systematically the assessment framework, ten potential recycling pathways were identified and compared. Major differences among them include the ratio of waste parts to virgin material, and filament extrusion location. The sustainable recycling pathway that resulted from the evaluation features the shortest transportation distances (connected to lower carbon footprint and energy consumption, and higher flexibility). The application of the framework provided a trade-off analysis, where not only the interests on the environment are considered, but particular attention is given to companies’ needs and opportunities.

The European Union has set out to become carbon neutral by 2050. To reach this goal, the fossil-fuel-dominated energy system must be transformed into a low-carbon renewable-based energy system. One method proposed to reduce fossil-fuel dependence is to establish a renewable hydrogen supply chain between Africa and the European Union. This work provides a model framework that enables an economic analysis of a renewable hydrogen supply chain between northern Africa and the EU. The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of large-scale intercontinental renewable hydrogen production by investigating the factors that impact the economic performance of this system.
A mixed-integer linear programming model that describes the supply chain is built, and modeled in Python and a case study defining the overall energy system under consideration and applied to this model. The system must provide 780 TWh of hydrogen demand for the EU in 2050. Hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis, using renewable electricity from solar photovoltaics. The water required for electrolysis is supplied through reverse osmosis of seawater. Seasonal storage of hydrogen is enabled through the inclusion of hydrogen storage in salt caverns.

The resulting annual costs of operating the supply chain are 36.55 B$, corresponding to a levelized cost of hydrogen of 1.56 $kg^-1. The main contributors to the cost of the supply chain are solar photovoltaics (50\%), alkaline electrolysis (22%), and transportation (26%). Through a sensitivity analysis on price uncertainty, it is found that the system is most sensitive to photovoltaics prices (59%), electrolysis prices (21%), and hydrogen pipeline prices (18%). A sensitivity analysis of the interest rate on capital investment points towards a significant impact of the interest rate on the total annual cost.

The findings of the model and applied case study in this work are then compared to projected costs in other works. From this analysis, it is found that hydrogen production using electrolysis will be cheaper than fossil-based low-carbon hydrogen production alternatives in the form of steam methane reforming or coal gasification with carbon capture technology. Predictions of the selected works regarding electrolysis-based hydrogen production using renewable electricity show an expected LCOH of between 1.66 - 2.39 $kg^-1.

This work indicates that a renewable hydrogen supply chain between Morocco and the EU in 2050 is both technically and economically feasible, able to compete with alternative hydrogen production methods, and able to supply 35% of the projected hydrogen demand. Moreover, this work developed a general hydrogen supply-chain model that allows for the implementation of additional features as well as the analysis of different case studies through the adjustment of case-specific parameters.

As part of the Dutch government’s ambitions to realise significant offshore wind energy capacity (70 gigawatts (GW) by 2050), the Port of Rotterdam is to become a hydrogen hub for North-Western Europe. To achieve this, it is expected that around 20 megatonnes (Mt) of hydrogen could be throughput in the Port of Rotterdam, out of which 2 Mt will be produced locally from offshore wind farms. Current offshore wind farms use high voltage electricity cables to transport energy to shore, but could, in the future, also transport energy in the form of hydrogen to shore via a transport infrastructure.
The objective of this thesis is to investigate the techno-economical feasibility of an offshore hydrogen production value chain connected to the Port of Rotterdam. The technical analysis gives insights into the possible technologies that can be used for the offshore value chain. It will also look at the technical feasibility of system integration in the Noth Sea's energy system. The economic analysis gives insights into the economic feasibility of the offshore hydrogen production value chain. The total costs are of importance, as well as the levelised cost of hydrogen.
In this thesis, a qualitative literature study maps the different possibilities per component of the value chain. A decision framework is then used to discuss the best possibility per component and to build three promising designs. These designs are then modelled in MATLAB to size their components. With the model’s output, a cost analysis can be done to determine whether such a value chain would be feasible compared to other ongoing projects. A special focus will be put on the Port of Rotterdam, to which the value chain will be connected.
The offshore decentral configuration is found to be the best-performing design based on assessments through a multi-criteria decision analysis, a technical model and a financial model. It is, therefore, the most promising design.

This thesis explores the transformation of the global transportation and energy sectors through the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). EVs have emerged as a crucial solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable energy sources. The associated charging infrastructure poses challenges and opportunities for Charge Point Operators (CPOs).

Among the various charging solutions, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology offers significant potential for CPOs. However, prior research has not comprehensively addressed the financial implications, operational costs, and revenue streams specific to CPOs, particularly within the energy market.

The primary objective is to investigate public charging network business models through V2G integration in the Netherlands from a CPO perspective. The central research question is whether CPOs in the Netherlands can enhance their business model through V2G in the EPEX DAM market. The primary focus is on assessing the financial impact of V2G on CPO operations, considering factors such as electricity procurement costs, user behavior, and location-specific dynamics.

The methodology combines empirical analysis, simulation modeling, and data-driven insights. It commences with a literature review on EV charging, V2G technology, and CPO business models. Stakeholder consultations provide real-world insights into business dynamics and cost structures.

An Excel-based simulation model replicates various V2G charging scenarios using data from the European Power Exchange (EPEX) Spot Day-Ahead Market (DAM). A base case charging scenario, involving both V2G and regular charging, is developed, and the results are used to assess CPO profitability in the Public Charging Network business case.

An extended Cost-Benefit Excel model evaluates the profitability of the CPO's business model after integrating the reduced variable cost of procured electricity through V2G within the evolving EPEX DAM landscape. It considers factors such as battery degradation, customer compensation, charging behavior, and market dynamics.

The simulation models reveal pivotal findings. V2G integration strategically implemented has the potential to boost CPO profitability by significantly reducing electricity procurement costs. User compensation schemes, charging patterns, usage rates, and location-specific demand dynamics significantly influence earnings. Sensitivity analysis underscores the importance of usage rates, cost reduction for procured electricity, and network expansion in driving profitability.

In conclusion, this thesis uncovers the potential of V2G technology to enhance EV charging infrastructure while contributing to grid stability and renewable energy integration. The findings provide strategic guidance for CPOs to focus on densely populated cities to maximize revenue and profits. The insights extend beyond CPOs and are relevant to stakeholders within the EV charging ecosystem.

We aim to make solar power forecasts using regression for grid optimization. We forecast from 1 to 6 hours ahead. The forecasts prove to be accurate with a skill score of 20% compared to persistence for a lead time of one hour.

This study researched the optimal network of hydrogen refueling stations. The network is designed on a European scale and with a focus on heavy duty trucks. The design is created by means of a two-step optimization. The first step clusters truck representing datapoints into a predetermined number of stations by means of k-means clustering. The second step optimally connects these to a source of supply, which is assumed to be a European hydrogen backbone. Cost values of supply and demand are finally optimized by balancing a cost function.

Research was performed by order of Shell.

The growing global population combined with improved prosperity has increased the energy demand. The consequence of this growing energy demand is an increase in greenhouse gas emissions leading to climate change. The irreversible and worrying consequences of climate change have led to various national and international targets. In the Netherlands, national targets are integrated into policy making in 2019, distinguishing between five sectors. This study aims to describe a systematic approach that contributes to facilitating decision-making in the heat transition in the built environment. The approach consists of three steps, considering the system elements of a socio-technical environment. The first step of the systematic approach is formed by an actor analysis, where through an actor identification and categorization the non-rational aspects are mapped. These non-rational aspects, consisting for example of willingness to participate in the heat transition and underlying technological preferences, can be used to determine the social feasibility of a heat transition vision. The second step in the systematic approach is the application of the techno-economic Vesta MAIS model. This model can calculate at a neighborhood level per heat transition vision the national cost and share of energy carrier. In this way, the model contributes to facilitating decision-making at the municipal level. To enrich the technical aspects of the Vesta MAIS model with insights into grid congestion, this study proposes a power flow analysis as the third step in the systematic approach. This power flow analysis enables municipal decision-makers to analyze the impact of the heat transition on the existing power grid at an early stage.

Ambitious decarbonization targets are introduced to combat climate change. According to the European Commission, sector coupling is required to achieve these targets. This includes the inclusion of renewables into sectors that are difficult to decarbonize, but also using resources more efficient, and introducing new clean fuels. Recent research has examined the increased integration of renewables into the energy system, or the coupling with other sectors, such as the heating industry. However, a paucity of studies investigated the integration of the transportation sector with the power sector based on different configurations of hydrogen supply chains, with hydrogen as a nodal connector. Some studies looked into the decarbonization of the transportation sector but diminished to explore how the coupling based on hydrogen supply chains including hydrogen storage could support the grid by providing balancing services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine potential designs for renewable hydrogen supply chains to provide joint applications, which are satisfying a hydrogen mobility demand, as well as providing balancing services to the power grid. However, the interconnection of the hydrogen system within the mobility sector, as well as the functioning power grid, based on the supply chain, poses multiple challenges on different levels. This complex problem requires solving in an integrated manner. In that regard, this thesis proposes a modelling approach for the optimal functioning of hydrogen generation and storage supply chains. Hereby the objective of the function is to maximize the profit of the supply chains through the supply of hydrogen fuel to the mobility sector and the contribution of balancing services to the power grid. The proposed optimization model is employed to perform a techno-economic comparison of two supply chain configurations: a distributed on-site supply chain, in which the hydrogen is generated at the fuelling stations, and a centralized off-site supply chain, where the hydrogen is centrally produced and afterwards transported to the dispersed fuelling stations. Both scenarios are quantitatively studied under two operating conditions, which are only selling to the mobility demand, and providing ancillary services to the power grid concurrently. It was found that both distributed and centralized hydrogen generation and storage supply chains can be used to offer hydrogen fuel to the transportation sector as well as provide different ancillary services to the grid. Furthermore, the numerical findings show that when both supply chains are planned and run concurrently for various ancillary services, the highest improvement in terms of financial parameters can be observed. The results also indicate that the profitability of the distributed and centralized supply chain is comparable under various operating conditions. However, while the distributed supply chain system presents better economic performances than the centralized supply chain system under the performed conditions, the centralized hydrogen supply chain has greater
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technological benefits than the distributed supply chain in terms of flexibility. Whereas the decentralized supply chain is more beneficial for smaller demands and a more isolated operation, the centralized supply chain can provide higher values to investors who must deal with larger demands and more interconnected systems. Because the majority of these systems will be operated by larger system operators, and the supply chain, including fuelling stations, will be increasingly connected to the energy sectors rather than operating independently, the centralized alternative is likely to be the most beneficial investment. The analyses reported in this study are useful to interconnected investors or system operators for assessing the technical and economic viability of the widespread deployment of distributed and centralized hydrogen generation and storage supply chains integrated with the power grid. Future research might investigate other system configurations, such as including the hydrogen backbone into the operation or integrating the hydrogen supply chain with diverse industries, such as the heating sector. Different renewable energy sources, such as biomass or hydropower, might also be included. Other research might involve dynamic hydrogen pricing or the engagement of various distribution modalities with global demand points. Finally, for the supply chain systems to be successful, the social aspect must be considered, in which numerous market regulatory and governance impediments must be identified and exploited.