Health implications of mobility during pregnancy entail a need to understand pregnant women's activity spaces. We present ActMAP, a framework for quantifying multiple aspects of activity spaces from distinct trips and stays derived from GPS data. We applied ActMAP to data from 238 pregnant women in Barcelona, Spain (2018–2020) and explored weekday, weekend and intraday associations between pregnancy trimester and activity spaces. Activities were more centred around the home later in pregnancy. However, the number of visited places and daily trips remained largely constant throughout pregnancy. By constructing activity spaces from individual trips and stays, ActMAP could provide a framework for GPS-based holistic assessments of mobility.@en

We present a series of newly developed donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers designed specifically for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) synthesized by a straightforward route. All polymers exhibited accumulation mode behavior in OECT devices, and tuning of the donor comonomer resulted in a three-order-of-magnitude increase in transconductance. The best polymer gFBT-g2T, exhibited normalized peak transconductance (g_m,norm) of 298±10.4 S cm⁻¹ with a corresponding product of charge-carrier mobility and volumetric capacitance, μC*, of 847 F V⁻¹ cm⁻¹ s⁻¹ and a μ of 5.76 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹, amongst the highest reported to date. Furthermore, gFBT-g2T exhibited exceptional temperature stability, maintaining the outstanding electrochemical performance even after undergoing a standard (autoclave) high pressure steam sterilization procedure. Steam treatment was also found to promote film porosity, with the formation of circular 200–400 nm voids. These results demonstrate the potential of gFBT-g2T in p-type accumulation mode OECTs, and pave the way for the use in implantable bioelectronics for medical applications.

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The development of materials toward ppb-level nitric oxide (NO) sensing at room temperature remains in high demand for the monitoring of respiratory inflammatory diseases. In order to find an iron-containing molecule without steric hindrance to combine with graphene for room temperature NO gas sensing, here a supramolecular assembly of ferrocene (Fc) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was designed and prepared for NO sensing. The assembly of Fc/rGO was characterized using FT-IR, TEM, and XPS measurements. The Fc/rGO-based sensors exhibited superior NO sensing properties at room temperature including high response (R_a/R_g = 1.73, 1 ppm), high selectivity against other exhaled gases, reliable repeatability and stability (less than 4 % decrease after 40 days). A practical limit of detection (LOD) of 200 ppb was achieved. The theoretical simulation demonstrates that ferrocene is assembled via π-π interaction with rGO in edge-to-face configuration which provides relatively lower energy than face-to-face configuration does for the whole assembly. It was first verified that the enhanced adsorption capacity and the charge transfer between NO and Fc/rGO would result in improvement of the assembly's sensitivity toward NO after ferrocene was assembled with graphene. This work provides a fresh approach of anchoring iron on graphene for gas sensing via supramolecular methods.

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While consciousness has been historically a heavily debated topic, awareness had less success in raising the interest of scholars. However, more and more researchers are getting interested in answering questions concerning what awareness is and how it can be artificially generated. The landscape is rapidly evolving, with multiple voices and interpretations of the concept being conceived and techniques being developed. The goal of this paper is to summarize and discuss the ones among these voices connected with projects funded by the EIC Pathfinder Challenge “Awareness Inside” callwithin Horizon Europe, designed specifically for fostering research on natural and synthetic awareness. In this perspective, we dedicate special attention to challenges and promises of applying synthetic awareness in robotics, as the development of mature techniques in this new field is expected to have a special impact on generating more capable and trustworthy embodied systems.

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In this article Reference 10 was incorrect as ‘van der Zwanenburg LC, Koldenhof JJ, Suijkerbuijk KPM, Schellekens MPJ (2024) What patients with advanced cancer experience as helpful in navigating their life with a long-term response: a qualitative study. Support Care Cancer 32(4):222’ and should have been ‘Zwanenburg LC, van der Lee ML, Koldenhof JJ, Suijkerbuijk KPM, Schellekens MPJ (2024) What patients with advanced cancer experience as helpful in navigating their life with a long-term response: a qualitative study. Support Care Cancer. 32(4):222. PMID: 38470541.’@en

Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI is commonly part of brain tumor imaging. For quantitative analysis, measurement of the arterial input function and tissue concentration time curve is required. Usually, a linear relationship between the MR signal changes and contrast agent concentration ([Gd]) is assumed, even though this is a known simplification. The aim of this study was to develop a realistic 3D simulation model as an efficient method to assess the relationship between ΔR2(*) and [Gd] both in whole blood and brain tissue. We modified an open-source 3D simulation model to study different red blood cell configurations for assessing whole-blood ΔR2(*) versus [Gd]. The results were validated against previously obtained 2D data and in vitro data. Furthermore, hematocrit levels (30%–50%) and field strengths (1.5–3.0–7.0 T) were varied. Subsequently, realistic tumor vascular networks were derived from intraoperative high framerate Doppler ultrasound data to study the influence of vascular structure and orientation with respect to the main magnetic field (1.5–3.0–7.0 T) for the calculation of ΔR2(*) versus [Gd] in brain tissue. For whole blood, good agreement of the 3D model was found with in vitro and 2D simulation data when red blood cells were aligned with the blood flow. For brain tissue, minor differences were found between the vascular networks. The effect of vessel direction with respect to B0 was apparent in case of clear directionality of the main vessels. The dependency on field strength agreed with previous reports. In conclusion, we have shown that the relationship between ΔR2(*) and [Gd] is affected by the organization of red blood cells and orientation of blood vessels with respect to the main magnetic field, as well as the field strength. These findings are important for further optimization of the realistic 3D model that could eventually be used to improve the estimation of hemodynamic parameters from DSC-MRI.@en

Grasping (electronic) structure changes during photochromic processes is crucial for fully understanding the photochromic effect in rare-earth oxyhydride films. In this study, we employ in situ UV illumination positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) to investigate the time evolution of open-volume defects and metallic domains during photodarkening and bleaching in yttrium oxyhydride films. The PALS depth profiles before and after a photodarkening-bleaching cycle reveal a light-induced increase in open-volume defects, that occurs homogeneously throughout the oxyhydride layer. The time-dependent PALS measurements show that upon photodarkening, a fast initial formation of metallic domains occurs, as well as a fast release of loosely bounded hydrogen from vacancy clusters and nanopores. During further photodarkening, the concentration of divacancy-like defects gradually increases due to the aggregation of light-induced hydrogen vacancies with preexisting yttrium monovacancies. After the UV illumination is stopped, two subsequent bleaching phases are observed. During the first bleaching phase, a strong correlation between the shortest positron lifetime 𝜏1 and the photochromic contrast is seen in both samples, suggesting that metallic domains disappear and, correspondingly, positron trapping at yttrium monovacancies and divacancy-like defects increases. During the second bleaching phase, a subsequent correlation between 𝜏1 and the photochromic contrast is observed in the more H-rich sample, which is related to the disappearance of larger metallic domains. After bleaching, most of the metallic domains and the photoexcited electrons in the matrix have disappeared, while the formed small vacancy complexes and larger vacancies remain stable. Our PALS study suggests that the formation of metallic domains is the cause of photodarkening, and the formed vacancy defects are important for understanding the memory effect.@en

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the top 10 public health threats, with nearly 5 million deaths in 2019 linked to AMR-related bacterial infections. (1) A One Health approach is needed to combat AMR.

Healthcare-based surveillance (HBS) of AMR provides incomplete information about the scope of the AMR threat. HBS screens only patients seeking medical attention, lacking community-level representativeness, and suffers from underreporting. (2) Consequently, researchers are turning to wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) to complement HBS. (3) WBS can provide information about AMR circulating within communities and hospitals, offering a comprehensive understanding of AMR prevalence. However, the surveillance targets and data obtained from WBS are distinct from those derived from HBS, creating uncertainty regarding their utility to the public health sector and ability to yield policy relevant information. In May 2024, participants in a workshop during the 7th Environmental Dimension of Antimicrobial Resistance (EDAR7) conference (Montréal, Canada) sought to answer four questions aimed at advancing the policy relevance of AMR data generated by WBS.@en

Background and ObjectivesIdentifying genetic causes of dementia in patients visiting memory clinics is important for patient care and family planning. Traditional clinical selection criteria for genetic testing may miss carriers of pathogenic variants in dementia-related genes. This study aimed identify how many carriers we are missing and to optimize criteria for selecting patients for genetic counseling in memory clinics.MethodsIn this clinical cohort study, we retrospectively genetically tested patients during 2.5 years (2010-2012) visiting the Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, a specialized memory clinic. Genetic tests consisted of a 54-gene dementia panel, focusing on Class IV/V variants per American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines, including APP duplications and the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. We determined the prevalence of pathogenic variants and propose new eligibility criteria for genetic testing in memory clinics. The eligibility criteria were prospectively applied for 1 year (2021-2022), and results were compared with the retrospective cohort.ResultsGenetic tests were retrospectively performed in in 1,022 of 1,138 patients (90%) who consecutively visited the memory clinic. Among these, 1,022 patients analyzed (mean age 62.1 ± 8.9 years; 40.4% were female), 34 pathogenic variant carriers were identified (3.3%), with 24 being symptomatic. Previous clinical criteria would have identified only 15 carriers (44% of all carriers, 65% of symptomatic carriers). The proposed criteria increased identification to 22 carriers (62.5% of all carriers, 91% of symptomatic carriers). In the prospective cohort, 148 (28.7%) of 515 patients were eligible for testing under the new criteria. Of the 90 eligible patients who consented to testing, 13 pathogenic carriers were identified, representing a 73% increase compared with the previous criteria.DiscussionWe found that patients who visit a memory clinic and carry a pathogenic genetic variant are often not eligible for genetic testing. The proposed new criteria improve the identification of patients with a genetic cause for their cognitive complaints. In systems without practical or financial barriers to genetic testing, the new criteria can enhance personalized care. In other countries where the health care systems differs and in other genetic ancestry groups, the performance of the criteria may be different.

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Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles required for the formation of centrosomes and cilia. Centriolar microtubules, unlike their cytosolic counterparts, are stable and grow very slowly, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we reconstituted in vitro the interplay between the proteins that cap distal centriole ends and control their elongation: CP110, CEP97, and CPAP/SAS-4. We found that whereas CEP97 does not bind to microtubules directly, CP110 autonomously binds microtubule plus ends, blocks their growth, and inhibits depolymerization. Cryo-electron tomography revealed that CP110 associates with the luminal side of microtubule plus ends and suppresses protofilament flaring. CP110 directly interacts with CPAP, which acts as a microtubule polymerase that overcomes CP110-induced growth inhibition. Together, the two proteins impose extremely slow processive microtubule growth. Disruption of CP110–CPAP interaction in cells inhibits centriole elongation and increases incidence of centriole defects. Our findings reveal how two centriolar cap proteins with opposing activities regulate microtubule plus-end elongation and explain their antagonistic relationship during centriole formation.@en

HollandPTC is an independent outpatient center for proton therapy, scientific research, and education. Patients with different types of cancer are treated with Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT). Additionally, the HollandPTC R&D consortium conducts scientific research into the added value and improvements of proton therapy. To this end, HollandPTC created clinical and pre-clinical research facilities including a versatile R&D proton beamline for various types of biologically and technologically oriented research. In this work, we present the characterization of the R&D proton beamline of HollandPTC. Its pencil beam mimics the one used for clinical IMPT, with energy ranging from 70 up to 240 MeV, which has been characterized in terms of shape, size, and intensity. For experiments that need a uniform field in depth and lateral directions, a dual ring passive scattering system has been designed, built, and characterized. With this system, field sizes between 2 × 2 cm² and 20 × 20 cm² with 98 % uniformity are produced with dose rates ranging from 0.5 Gy/min up to 9 Gy/min. The unique and customized support of the dual ring system allows switching between a pencil beam and a large field in a very simple and fast way, making the HollandPTC R&D proton beam able to support a wide range of different applications.

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The detailed crystal structure as well as the heat capacity at low temperature and standard entropy of Ba2MoO5 are reported for the first time. High-resolution X-ray and neutron diffraction were employed to reveal the structural features of this compound. Ba2MoO5 has a six-coordinated Mo and a strongly negative excess volume with respect to the binary oxides. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the Mo K-edge shows Mo to be in the oxidation state 6+. The pre-edge peak in the XANES spectrum indicates a distorted octahedral environment, in line with the results from diffraction studies and FDMNES calculations. The standard entropy and heat capacity of Ba2MoO5 at 298.15 K, determined with a thermal-relaxation technique, are calculated to be respectively 223.2 ± 7 and 184.7 ± 5 J·K–1·mol–1. The obtained thermodynamic properties are discussed in the context of the literature reports on molybdate compounds.@en

Recycling-oriented alloy design is a crucial part of material sustainability, as it reduces the need for raw material extraction and minimises environmental impact. This requires that scraps be reused or repurposed effectively, even when the scraps are co-mingled and have higher costs for further sorting and separation. In this work, we explore an alloy design concept by creating a compositionally flexible domain that can recycle multiple alloy grades and yet maintain relatively consistent properties across chemical variations. This is demonstrated through the Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn system to identify compositionally flexible austenitic stainless steels (CF-ASS) and accommodate the recycling of mixed austenitic stainless steel scraps. Alloys within the nominal composition spaces exhibit relatively consistent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance despite significant variations in different alloy compositions. We illustrate how we can utilise the compositionally flexible austenitic stainless steels to recycle mixed 200 and 300-series stainless steel and ferronickel scraps, demonstrating its practical viability. While this demonstration focuses on the stainless steel system, the underlying principles can be extended to other systems related to mixed scrap recycling.

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In this study, the deposition, annealing process, and oxidation properties of HfNbTaTiZr high-entropy alloy thin films were thoroughly investigated. The films, approximately 250 nm thick, were deposited on MgO substrates by DC magnetron sputtering using a single target. The preparation temperature was identified as a key factor influencing the resulting structure. Amorphous films formed at room temperature, whereas nanocrystalline films, characterized by multiple intermetallic phases, were obtained either by deposition at elevated temperatures (600 °C – 750 °C) or through in situ annealing of amorphous films (600 °C – 700 °C). Positron annihilation spectroscopy revealed that nanocrystalline films predominantly contain vacancy-like misfit defects, with concentration decreasing as the preparation temperature increases. Additionally, amorphous films exhibited a high concentration of large vacancy clusters. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed greater oxygen absorption in amorphous films due to their defective structure, with preferential oxidation of Zr and Hf. Further annealing of naturally oxidized films in a vacuum at temperatures up to 1400 °C led to films' recrystallization and eventually the formation of complex oxides, including ZrO2, HfO2, and various Mg-containing oxides, indicating a reaction with the MgO substrate. This work demonstrates the ability to fine-tune the microstructure and defect characteristics of high-entropy alloy films and highlights their direct correlation with oxidation properties.@en

Background
To improve lifestyle guidance within cardiac rehabilitation (CR), a comprehensive understanding of the motivation and lifestyle-supporting needs of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is required.

Objectives
This study's purpose is to evaluate patients’ lifestyle and their motivation, self-efficacy and social support for change when starting CR.

Methods
1782 CVD patients (69 % male, mean age 62 years) from 7 Dutch outpatient CR centers participated between 2020 and 2022. Modifiable risk factors were assessed with a survey and interviews by healthcare professionals during CR intake.

Results
Most patients exhibited an elevated risk in 3–4 domains. Elevated risks were most prominent in domains of (1) waist circumference and BMI (2) physical exercise (3) healthy foods intake and (4) sleep duration. Most patients chose to focus on increasing physical exercise, but about 20 % also wanted to focus on a healthy diet and/or decrease stress levels. Generally, motivation, self-efficacy and social support to reach new lifestyle goals were high. However, patients with an unfavorable risk profile had lower motivation and self-efficacy to work on lifestyle changes, while patients with lower social support had a higher chance to quit the program prematurely.

Conclusions
Our results underscore the need to begin CR with a comprehensive lifestyle assessment and highlight the importance of offering lifestyle interventions tailored to patients’ specific modifiable risk factors and lifestyle-supporting needs, targeting multiple lifestyle domains. Expanding the current scope of CR programs to address diverse patient needs and strengthening support may enhance motivation and adherence and lead to significant long-term benefits for cardiovascular health.@en

The electrochemical conversion of CO₂ into acetaldehyde offers a sustainable and green alternative to the Wacker process. However, current electrocatalysts cannot effectively compete with heterogeneous processes owing to their limited selectivity towards acetaldehyde, resulting in low energy efficiencies. Here we report a theory-guided synthesis of a series of Cu-cluster catalysts (~1.6 nm) immobilized on various heteroatom-doped carbonaceous supports, produced via spark ablation of Cu electrodes (2.6 μg h⁻¹ production rate, 6 Wh energy consumption). These catalysts achieve acetaldehyde selectivity of up to 92% at only 600 mV from the equilibrium potential. In addition, the catalysts exhibit exceptional catalytic stability during a rigorous 30 h stress test involving three repeated start–stop cycles. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the initial oxide clusters were completely reduced under cathodic potential and maintained their metallic nature even after exposure to air, explaining the stable performance of the catalyst. First-principles simulations further elucidate a possible mechanism of CO₂ conversion to acetaldehyde. (Figure presented.)

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The authors regret that the affiliation of Joseph Ahn was incorrectly listed in the original article. The correct affiliation is:

Independent Researcher, Hwaseong-si, South Korea

This error has now been corrected in the online version of the article.

The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.@en

Lake Hulun, the fifth-largest lake in China, is a shallow lake (water depth <10 m) with typical wave-dominated landforms developed around the shoreline, with a semi-enclosed bay located in its southern corner. This novel study aims to understand wind-driven hydrodynamics and its related depositional patterns in the data-sparse Lake Hulun. To achieve this, a series of numerical simulations were conducted with a hydrodynamic and sediment transport model. The simulated hydrodynamic patterns are greatly influenced by wind direction shifts but are subject to little impact from wind speed changes which act mainly to accelerate flow. By varying the location and depth of the deepest part of the lake, this study reveals that the location of the depth centre has little impact on the overall hydrodynamic pattern of wind-driven waterbodies. When the wind direction is perpendicular to the long-axis shore, currents around the short-axis shore flow in a direction that follows the wind direction. This study considers the wind-induced longshore currents that are oblique to the long-axis shore as the main driving force in transporting sediments along the shore and erosion of the shoreline. The formation of semi-closed bays in both Lake Hulun, together with its nearby sister lake – Lake Buir – are attributed to the north-west prevailing wind direction. Further exploratory simulations confirmed that prevailing winds tend to induce parallel distributed submerged sediment accumulations in the nearshore zone, challenging the notion of sediment accumulation solely in deep water zones. This study provides valuable insights into the hydro-sedimentary dynamics in wind-driven waterbodies, offering a process-based perspective and contributing to current understanding of the palaeogeography of ancient lake systems.@en

Introduction
The field of forensic DNA analysis has undergone rapid advancements in recent decades. The integration of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) has notably expanded the forensic toolkit, moving beyond identity matching to predicting phenotypic traits and biogeographical ancestry. This shift is of particular significance in cases where conventional DNA profiling fails to identify a single suspect. Supplementing forensic analyses with estimated biological age may be valuable but involves a complex and time-consuming DNA methylation analysis. This study explores and validates the performance of a comprehensive forensic third-generation sequencing assay utilizing Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) in an adaptive and direct sequencing approach. We incorporated the most widely used forensic markers, i.e., STRs, SNPs, InDels, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and two methylation-based clock classifiers, thereby combining forensic genetic and epigenetic analysis in one single workflow.

Methods and results
In our investigation, DNA from six anonymous individuals was sequenced using the ONT standard adaptive direct sequencing approach, reaching a mean percentage of on-target reads ranging from 6.6 % to 7.7 % per sample. ONT data was compared to standard MPS data and Illumina EPIC DNA methylation profiles. Basecalling employed recommended ONT software packages. TREAT was used for ONT-based analysis of autosomal and Y-chromosome STRs, achieving 90–92 % correct calls depending on allelic read depth thresholds. InDel analyses for two lower-quality samples proved challenging due to inadequate read depth, while the remaining four samples significantly contributed to the observed percentage markers (60.9 %) and correct calls (97.8 %). SNP analysis achieved a 98 % call rate, with only two mismatches and two missed alleles. ONT-generated DNA methylation data demonstrated Pearson’s correlation coefficients with EPIC data ranging from 0.67 to 0.97 for Horvath’s clock. Additional age-associated markers exhibited Pearson’s correlation coefficients with chronological age between 0.14 (ELOVL2) and 0.96 (FHL2) at read depths of <30 and <20, respectively. Despite excluding mtDNA from our targeted sequencing approach, adaptive proof-reading fragments covered the complete mtDNA with an average read depth of 21–72, showing 100 % concordance with reference data.

Discussion
Our exploratory study using ONT adaptive sequencing for conventional forensic and age associated DNA methylation markers showed high sequencing accuracy for a significant number of markers, showcasing ONT as a promising (epi)genetic forensic method. Future studies must address three critical aspects: determining clear quantity and quality measures and detection thresholds for accuracy, optimizing input DNA quantity for forensic casework expectations, and addressing ethical considerations associated with phenotype and ancestry analysis to prevent ethnic biases.@en

The study of intellectual humility (IH), which is gaining increasing interest among cognitive scientists, has been dominated by a focus on individuals. We propose that IH operates at the collective level as the tendency of a collective’s members to attend to each other’s intellectual limitations and the limitations of their collective cognitive efforts. Given people’s propensity to better recognize others’ limitations than their own, IH may be more readily achievable in collectives than individuals. We describe the socio-cognitive dynamics that can interfere with collective IH and offer the solution of building intellectually humbling environments that create a culture of IH that can outlast the given membership of a collective. We conclude with promising research directions.@en