Plastic pollution is a major global environmental issue, and its impact is even more pronounced in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) like Curaçao. These islands face unique challenges due to limited resources, heavy reliance on imports, and complex socio-cultural dynamics that complicate waste management. This study aimed to investigate plastic pollution in Curaçao by examining the local system, identifying challenges in policy design, and proposing effective strategies to mitigate environmental impact. The scientific knowledge gap lies in the limited understanding of how plastic pollution systems function in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and the specific challenges they face when designing and implementing effective environmental policies.

The research focused on two objectives:

Understanding the dynamics of plastic pollution in Curaçao.Investigating the specific challenges in designing policies for plastic waste management.

Methodology:
A mixed-methods approach was used to achieve these objectives, combining stakeholder analysis, interviews, and observations. A framework was developed from existing literature to understand plastic pollution in Curaçao better. Stakeholder analysis identified key actors in managing plastic pollution, including government agencies, NGOs, recycling companies, and private sector participants. Interviews with these stakeholders, in which the plastic pollution and policy tool frameworks were discussed, provided insights into the plastic pollution system and policy implementation challenges. Field observations were conducted to assess waste management practices on the island, including illegal dumping and recycling efforts. Additionally, articles and reports on plastic pollution were reviewed to support other findings.

Key Findings:
This research on plastic pollution in Curaçao has yielded several critical insights:

Implementation Gaps: Despite the government’s ambitious goals to address plastic pollution, substantial gaps exist between these goals and their implementation. Limited resources, infrastructure constraints, street-level bureaucracy, and political volatility hinder effective policy enforcement.Cultural and Socio-Political Challenges: Curaçao’s unique cultural attitudes towards convenience and plastic consumption, along with political and economic instability, complicate efforts to manage plastic pollution. The short-term focus on economic and social issues often overshadows environmental concerns.Stakeholder Perspectives and Local Context: Stakeholders generally agree that the government should lead the charge against plastic pollution; however, there are concerns regarding the suitability and implementation of proposed solutions. A one-size-fits-all approach is impractical; tailored solutions considering Curaçao’s local context are essential.Framework for Action: The redesigned framework emphasizes rethinking plastic importation, reducing consumption, improving recycling rates, combating illegal disposal, and maintaining a clean island. This localized approach addresses the specific drivers of plastic pollution on the island.Barriers to Effective Policy: Key barriers include resource constraints, political challenges, lack of public awareness, and street-level bureaucracy. These factors collectively impede the development and implementation of effective environmental policies.

Contributions to Theory:
This research extends Alpizar’s framework to better fit the plastic pollution systems of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). It considers context-specific factors that influence these systems, enabling the identification of crucial battle arenas for effective intervention. Additionally, the study clarifies the role of street-level bureaucracy in enforcement and waste management within SIDS. It reveals how the limitations faced by frontline bureaucrats complicate the design and implementation of policies, emphasizing the need for practical solutions that account for these challenges. The findings underscore that effective policy requires a tailored approach; one-size-fits-all solutions for plastic pollution in SIDS are not viable. The cultural dynamics of these islands significantly shape attitudes and consumption patterns, indicating that any successful policy must integrate cultural considerations to resonate with local communities. Finally, the research highlights the impact of political volatility on environmental policy, demonstrating how instability can hinder the development and enforcement of effective plastic pollution strategies. This interplay between culture, politics, and environmental management calls for a nuanced understanding of local contexts in policy design.

Recommendations:
To effectively tackle plastic pollution in Curaçao, several key recommendations emerge:

Enhance Public Education and Expand the Plastic Ban: Launch comprehensive campaigns to promote environmental stewardship while broadening the ban on single-use plastics to include more items, ensuring accessible and sustainable alternatives.Implement a Plastic Deposit System: Introduce a deposit initiative that encourages the return of plastic containers, reducing waste and providing economic benefits.Improve Government Coordination and Support Enforcement: Develop a cohesive waste management strategy with clear roles for stakeholders, strengthen enforcement against illegal dumping, and provide resources and legal protections to front-line workers.Promote Recycling and External Partnerships: Invest in recycling infrastructure to encourage community participation and seek collaborations with NGOs and international entities for funding and expertise.Revise the Legislative Framework: Evaluate and strengthen existing waste management laws to ensure effective enforcement and compliance.

Limitations:
The research on plastic pollution in Curaçao highlights several limitations. The reliance on stakeholder interviews introduces subjectivity, potentially affecting the validity of the findings. The unique socio-cultural and political context of Curaçao limits the generalizability of results to other Small Island Developing States, necessitating localized solutions. The study’s focus on plastic pollution may overlook broader waste management issues. Recommendations are context-specific, emphasizing that a one-size-fits-all approach is impractical. Cultural attitudes towards convenience and plastic use complicate policy implementation, indicating that behavior change requires more than regulatory measures. Lastly, ongoing research is needed to assess long-term policy impacts and explore shared challenges among SIDS.

Future Research:
Much research is needed on plastic pollution, so I suggest starting with these topics:

Exploring a wider range of policies for plastic pollution in SIDS through stakeholder engagement.Conducting comparative studies among Small Island Developing States to identify shared challenges and solutions.Analyzing plastic pollution management evolution in developed countries to uncover effective strategies.Investigating consumer behavior regarding plastic use and disposal in Curaçao and other SIDS.Conducting longitudinal studies on the long-term impacts of policies like single-use plastic bans.

This study highlights the complexities of managing plastic pollution in Curaçao and underscores the need for a localized, culturally sensitive approach to policy design and implementation. While significant challenges remain, coordinated efforts involving government leadership, community engagement, and infrastructure improvements could lead to a more sustainable future. The insights offered a valuable framework for other SIDS facing similar environmental issues.

The ability of data analytics (DA) to improve strategic decision-making (SDM) by analyzing large volumes of data has been well documented in larger enterprises. In Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), the importance of DA is increasingly acknowledged. However, most of the SME-specific research has focused on DA use in non-strategic contexts. This research focuses on the current usage and adoption of DA in the SDM of SMEs.

The primary objective of this research is to understand how decision-makers in SMEs use DA in SDM, and to identify the perceived barriers and opportunities for its usage. This study addresses the main research question: "How do decision-makers in Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises utilize data analytics in strategic decision-making, and what are the perceived opportunities and barriers associated with its application?" By addressing this question, this study contributes to the existing literature by providing an understanding of the current state of DA usage in SMEs and identifying SDM-SME-specific barriers and opportunities.

This research is of qualitative nature, conducted with data gathered through semi-structured interviews with 13 decision-makers from various SMEs. Through thematic analysis of the interviews in the context of the existing literature, the research concluded on the usage of DA in five cases within the SDM of SMEs:

SMEs use DA to support decisions regarding market positioning, by analyzing market trends and competitors. SDMs regarding market responsiveness are also supported by DA, by supporting SDM by conducting procurement and sales analysis and resource planning. Furthermore, DA supports SDMs regarding customer relations, value proposition improvements and the improvement of their organization. Some early adopter SMEs use predictive and prescriptive techniques in their SDMs. The usage of more sophisticated predictive and prescriptive techniques in SDM is not widespread yet under SMEs.

Despite these usages within the SDM of SMEs, several barriers were observed to hinder the implementation of DA in SDM. Technical barriers to adoption are lacking analysis quality and missing data. The costs and insufficient benefits of DA in SDM are both technological and organizational barriers. The organizational barriers further include the sentiment of the decision-maker, the knowledge in the SME, the SME size, internal resistance, and having no time or set priority for DA.

The research also highlights several opportunities for SMEs to further implement DA in their SDM. These opportunities include possible collaborations among SMEs or governmental institutions, and the cost of DA going down with technological advancements.

Given the potential benefits, it is recommended for decision-makers in SME to explore partnerships with other businesses or public institutions. This could initiate shared resources, reduced costs, and enhanced DA capabilities. Collaborative efforts can facilitate access to higher-quality data and advanced analytics tools that might be otherwise inaccessible.

Furthermore, as technological advancements make DA tools more affordable, SMEs should prioritize investments in scalable solutions that align with their growth objectives. A phased approach, starting with basic analytics and gradually integrating more advanced techniques, can help manage costs while building internal expertise.

To overcome organizational barriers, SMEs should invest in training and development to build internal DA expertise. Upskilling existing employees and hiring DA professionals can bridge knowledge gaps and foster a data-driven culture.

It is recommended that the SMEs try to utilize these opportunities. Considering the added value of DA to SDM, it is also recommended for governing bodies to investigate the possibilities for supporting the further adoption of DA in the SDM of SMEs.

Mobility systems in municipalities will undergo significant changes over the next years. With increasing car usage among the Dutch population, streets become more crowded. However, with the need to comply with the Paris Climate Agreement, cities must redesign their streets and neighbourhoods to be less car dependent. Given the rising demand for public involvement in decision- making and the introduction of new environmental act, municipalities are legally required to engage citizens, entrepreneurs, and organizations in shaping public spaces. Therefore, it is essential for municipalities to consider how to involve the public to meet these impending legal obligations, especially on emotionally charged topics like parking. In the realm of public participation, numerous new methods are emerging. One such method is the Participatory Value Evaluation Method (PVE). A new research opportunity on the PVE lies between two levels, focusing on a 'street-level' issue on a larger scale.

The central research question in this thesis is: "To what extent does the use of PVE as a participatory method enhance the decision-making process within the mobility sector in Gouda?"

A case study method was used to assess PVE's added value, comparing Gouda with three other case studies using different participation methods on similar policy issues. An interpretivist assessment, involving document analysis and semi-structured interviews, evaluated the ten components of effective participation. The results indicated that PVE is more effective than other methods in achieving policymakers' goals, making participants feel heard, and managing a chaotic process. However, it scored lower in accessibility and inclusivity, with a quarter of participants dropping out and underrepresentation of those with practical education. Some participants felt constrained by the online format, feeling less free to express their views or influenced by the method.

Future research should explore participants' perceptions of being guided by online or deliberative methods and investigate dropout rates within PVE and other methods to improve retention and inclusivity. From a practitioner's perspective, aligning participation goals with policies and understanding which methods best achieve specific goals are essential. Policymakers thereby should reflect on how methods contribute to goal attainment to design more efficient processes.

This study maps decision quality in the exploration phase of MIRT-structured projects. The analysis begins from a scientific perspective, starting with a literature review. This review consists of decision quality research and other relevant theories like good governance, public administration, and process management. These theories yield a set of criteria that are organised into a framework in which broader aspects are formed. Additionally, interviews with practitioners are conducted to determine whether these aspects are also mentioned in practice and whether any new aspects emerge from these discussions. Ultimately, the combination of theoretical research and practical insights identifies 12 aspects that influence decision quality in this context. Of these, 'relevant & reliable information', 'sound reasoning', '(political) support', 'appropriate frame', and 'public participation' are deemed the most critical for achieving high decision quality.

The Dutch energy landscape is becoming more complex due to various interacting factors and uncertainties, creating what are known as "wicked problems" that demand collaborative solutions. This study addresses knowledge gaps by developing a collaborative guide for fostering effective Multi-Stakeholder Collaborations (MSCs) that can endure over time. Through literature reviews and interviews, 69 factors influencing MSC durability were identified and organized using innovative clustering techniques, resulting in the collaborative guide. To test the effectiveness of this guide and develop recommendations to an existing MSC, the guide is applied to the MMvIB project as a case study using a structured four-step approach known as the COOP method. This method involves Consultation, Observation, Organization, and Perpetual development phases. By prioritizing influential factors and adapting to project dynamics, this approach aims to enhance the long-term success of MSCs. The insights and methods derived from this research are relevant to a wide range of collaborative contexts. Future research should focus on refining the approach and developing implementation strategies for these factors.

Critical infrastructure systems are vital to societal functions, yet they face increasing complexity due to global challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and digitalization. In the Netherlands, infrastructure administrations play a pivotal role in ensuring the reliability and sustainability of these systems. Interorganizational collaboration (IOC) is recognized as an approach to addressing interdependencies among stakeholders and enhancing infrastructure management. However, there is limited understanding of the organizational preconditions required to foster effective IOC, particularly at the intraorganizational level. This thesis explores the factors that enhance or hinder collaborative capacity among Dutch infrastructure administrations, focusing on the major Port Authority and Railway Administration as case organizations. Using a qualitative, three-step methodology—comprising a literature review, semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis—it identifies organizational preconditions critical for enabling IOC. Findings highlight that leadership commitment, collaborative goal-setting, structural flexibility, and proactive relationship-building are essential enablers of IOC. Successful collaborations often begin with motivated individuals and are sustained through institutionalized learning and adaptive organizational strategies. The study encourages organizations to balance internal mandates with shared collaborative objectives and to prioritize informal networks and trust-building mechanisms. The findings offer a reflective framework for infrastructure administrations to assess and enhance their collaborative capacity within their own specific context, enabling more effective partnerships in safeguarding critical infrastructure systems. This research contributes to both theory and practice, addressing a gap in understanding how intraorganizational factors shape the readiness and success of interorganizational collaboration.

This thesis investigates the complex dynamics of determinants on span of control within high-tech organizations, with a particular focus on what factors unique to these settings influence span of control. The main research question addressed is: ”How can high-tech organizations determine their span of control?” Through a comprehensive exploratory approach, including qualitative interviews with managers and quantitative data analysis, this research aims to clarify the internal and external factors impacting span of control in high-tech environments. Specifically, it explores how task complexity, team interdependence, geographical factors, and industry specific requirements shape the span of control in ways that differ from traditional industries. The study finds that in high-tech organizations, where task complexity and interdependencies are notably high, a narrower span of control is often required to maintain oversight and quality. However, regional cultural differences also play a critical role, as broader spans are more feasible in high-powerdistance regions due to the cultural acceptance of hierarchical structures. In contrast, low-powerdistance regions tend to favor narrower spans, aligning with preferences for direct managerial oversight. This study also underscores the influence of regulatory requirements, particularly in sectors like semiconductor manufacturing and medical devices, where compliance and precision necessitate close supervision. These factors collectively indicate that span of control in high-tech organizations must be highly adaptable, tailored not only to task demands but also to regional and regulatory contexts. Additionally, the research highlights the potential for technology to enable broader spans of control, albeit with limitations. While automation and digital tools can reduce the need for close supervision in standardized tasks, they do not entirely eliminate the necessity for managerial oversight in complex, interdependent tasks. High-tech managers, particularly those in field service roles, face unique challenges balancing direct customer engagement with team management. This dual responsibility can restrict their capacity to manage broader spans effectively, suggesting a potential role for specialized support roles or digital solutions in handling routine (customer) interactions to allow managers to focus on strategic team oversight. Financial considerations are also prominent, with broader spans offering potential cost savings by reducing the number of managerial layers. However, these benefits must be weighed against operational demands, as broader spans may compromise quality in highly complex environments. Examples of calculations are presented in this study to illustrate possible financial effects of span adjustments. In conclusion, this thesis emphasizes the necessity of a context-sensitive approach to span of control in high-tech environments, where a balance between technological support, regulatory requirements, and cultural influences is crucial. Recommendations for future research include longitudinal studies to observe how technological advancements might further impact span of control over time and expanding sample diversity to encompass a broader range of high-tech sectors. This research contributes to the field by providing a nuanced framework for understanding span of control in complex, dynamic settings, offering practical insights for high-tech organizations.

With the ever so rapid transition towards renewable energy, the offshore electricity transmission system has to expand. Towards 2050, a meshed offshore network is seen as a cost-effective solution to bring electricity to shore. Although there is no "one size fits all", a Cross-Border Cost Allocation procedure is the designated procedure to allocate costs across Member States. To gain insights into key criteria for the cost allocation of a meshed offshore network, Q methodology was used to explore perspectives. The four resulting perspectives showed that for the realisation of a 300 GW meshed offshore network, contributions from non-hosting Member States is essential. However, the current procedure to allocate costs will not be suitable, as there are many points of disagreement to be resolved first. In this regard, the research provides a first understanding of the problems at hand in allocating costs across borders for projects the size of a meshed offshore network.

The energy transition involves a complex societal transformation encompassing changes in production, distribution, consumption, and behaviour. It necessitates collaboration among private and public stakeholders as well as the adoption of technical and non-technical innovations to combat climate change. While new technologies are being developed, progress towards a low-carbon energy system is slow due to technological, economic, and political barriers. The energy transition affects all systems interconnected with energy, such as transportation, housing, and spatial planning. Stakeholder involvement is crucial to connect these systems in policy but coordination and consensus are lacking, leading to paralysis and a lack of progress. Existing literature, focusing on innovation and technological barriers, lacks a comprehensive systems perspective. Traditional frameworks for change and transition in such complex systems often assume a rational and manageable system, overlooking the interconnectedness and interdependence of individual elements and their influence on the overall system, as well as the thorough interconnection with the political domain. They are built on the assumption that there is a (sub)system subject to transition and there is consensus on what the goal is. In the energy transition, neither is often the case and thus these traditional approaches to governing transitions have resulted in incoherent policy. This thesis utilises an abductive approach to identify design principles for transitions and their overarching themes to guide the energy transition. This method is exploratory in nature and uses empirical data in the form of case studies to develop new theoretical insights.

Incorporating big data into decision-making provides a substantial competitive advantage, leading organisations to increasingly adopt a data-driven strategy. However, the adoption by organisations often remains unsuccessful due to limitations associated with monolithic data architectures, such as data lakes and data warehouses. Data mesh is introduced as a decentralised socio-technical approach to alternatively manage data, aiming to overcome the limitations and gain the benefits of embracing a data-driven strategy. However, there is a lack of guidance on how to implement data mesh. The availability of generic and concrete data mesh implementation steps, including a maturity assessment, would be helpful for organisations. Consequently, this research proposes the design of a Data Mesh Maturity Assessment Model (DMMAM). In response to the main research question: ”How to assess the maturity of a data mesh implementation within an organisation?”, enabling the assessment of how mature a data mesh implementation is, by means of the DMMAM, would provide the guidance that is currently lacking for organisations. The qualitative Design Science Research Methodology is employed to structure the design process. Literature research, interviews, and cases are conducted to explore the contribution of, as well as design, demonstrate, and evaluate the DMMAM.

This research shows that the developed DMMAM evaluates data mesh based on four maturity levels, classified as Level 0: Non-Initiated, Level 1: Conceptual, Level 2: Defined, and Level 3: Achieved, and that data mesh is represented by five dimensions: A. Data Foundation & Organisational Change, B. Domain Oriented Decentralised Data Ownership & Architecture, C. Data as a Product, D. Self-Serve Data Infrastructure as a Platform, and E. Federated Computational Governance. These five dimensions are collectively represented by 54 characteristics. For each characteristic, labels for the People, Process, Technology (PPT) perspectives are assigned. Additionally, questions are formulated, and criteria and requirements are provided for all characteristics at each maturity level. This enables participants to self-assess their organisation’s maturity by individually rating 54 questions based on the current and target levels. Conducting the self-assessment yields various outcomes, including an overall data mesh maturity score, individual dimensional maturity scores, and maturity scores from PPT-perspectives. Moreover, the assessment helps to identify maturity gaps and allows benchmarking to compare results across organisations, providing organisations with guidance for improvement. The demonstration and evaluation of the DMMAM through maturity assessments for three organisations have demonstrated its applicability and usefulness. However, it is important to acknowledge that this research represents the first attempt to provide a comprehensive framework for assessing data mesh maturity in organisations and is not without limitations.

Future research is proposed to further refine and improve the DMMAM, supported by data mesh SME’s and practitioners, to ensure that the model remains up-to-date with the latest available research on data mesh. In addition, including additional guidance as an outcome of the maturity assessment would make the assessment more actionable and pragmatic. Furthermore, examining the optimal assessment structure will enhance the model’s reliability and validity. Moreover, expanding the benchmark functionality will enable statistical generalisations and comparisons for organisations within and across industries. At last, it is suggested to do further research about examining the overall contribution of data mesh as a strategy element towards becoming data-driven.

The energy system is changing and is becoming more important in the spatial-economic development of the Netherlands. The current energy planning system is insufficiently equipped to deal with these changes. Therefore transmission and distribution system operators, provinces and municipalities have come together in the process of integraal programmeren to aid in making democratic legitimate decisions on energy infrastructure investments.
The process of integraal programmeren can play a role in mitigating uncertainties in the energy system by accumulating knowledge on developments, drawing up an energy vision and assisting in making decisions. Market parties are now minimally involved in the process, while they are essential in the realisation of sustainable developments. This dependency can lead to uncertainties in the process of integraal programmeren.
This research aims to construct the contours of design guidelines which could serve as a basis for the collaboration process for integraal programmeren to better suit the uncertainties in the process. A theoretical framework and a case study are used to analyse both theoretical and practical perspectives on integraal programmeren.
Integraal programmeren is a process mainly between provinces, municipalities and system operators of electricity, heat and hydrogen networks. The actors work together in a network of interdependencies and work together to achieve shared goals. The focus of the actors has mostly been on the uncertainties in the process itself since it is all very new. However, it is recognised that uncertainties stemming from the uncertainties with market parties can eventually have a big, unforeseen influence on the regional energy system. Therefore it is important to take them into account.
This research described a novel relationship between uncertainties and process design. Uncertainties among market parties can be dealt with in the process of integraal programmeren in two ways. 1.) By obtaining more information about it, or in the case when this information does not exist or is unavailable, 2.) by formulating a shared vision. Involving market parties, more actively than they are involved now, can help with these mechanisms. Involving new actors in the process leads to more complexity and new process rules are needed. Designing a process such as integraal programmeren is not a linear process, during the process, the design requirements can change based on new situations and ideas and thus it calls for flexibility, while still keeping its credibility.

Lead time reduction of military supply chain (MSC) processes is essential for well-functioning military organisations. MSCs are complex and uncertain systems, including interdependencies between actors and processes. Flexibility is needed for MSCs to deal with complexity and uncertainty. Furthermore, reducing lead times contributes to the flexibility of supply chains. Primary and secondary supply chain processes are highly interrelated. Therefore, reducing lead times in primary and secondary SC processes is relevant.

The current scientific literature is lacking related to lead time reduction in MSCs. Besides this, supply chain management must be improved to minimise lead times in MSCs. However, insufficient empirical research exists on information sharing within supply chain management literature. Information sharing is essential for effective MSCs. Thus, the relevance of information sharing for improving SCM, combined with the lacking scientific literature on lead time reduction in MSCs, indicates a new specific research area that contributes to reducing lead times in MSCs by focusing on information sharing.

This research focuses on formal information sharing, defined as the sharing of structured and traceable information in a formal setting. Inadequate formal information sharing results in the scattering of formal information throughout a multi-actor system referred to as 'information fragmentation’. Since information sharing is a crucial component of SCs, information fragmentation may influence the lead times of SCs. However, the issue of information fragmentation in terms of lead times in MSCs is not apparent, and neither is how to solve information fragmentation problems in MSCs.

This research contributes by developing and applying an information fragmentation perspective towards lead time reduction in MSCs. A case study at the Dutch Ministry of Defence (the invoice case) is used to analyse whether the perspective is valuable in practice. The invoice case is a financial supportive MSC process encountering problems related to lead times and formal information sharing. Additionally, two types of formal information are distinguished: process in practice and process design information.

Three main results are obtained in this research. Firstly, this research contributes with an information fragmentation perspective towards lead time reduction for MSCs. Secondly, identifying a significant problem in the invoice case shows the effect of information fragmentation on MSC lead times due to non-value-adding activities. Lastly, exploring two boundary objects - a track and trace system (integrating formal process in practice information) and an integrated process design overview (integrating formal process design information) is a first contribution to the practical support of boundary objects to reduce information fragmentation in MSCs.

In further research, the proposed boundary objects can be further developed. Moreover, the effect of these boundary objects on information fragmentation and reduction of lead times can be quantitatively analysed. Furthermore, the impact of informal information sharing on lead times can be incorporated.

In light of recent failures in policy dossiers with regard to the identification of need claims of citizens, participatory procedures have been made mandatory for municipalities in the constitution of a carbon-neutral energy system. However, the legitimacy of mainstream participatory procedures is limited because guidelines for public deliberation function in practice as barriers to the expression of the desires, need claims, and values of citizens. This research aims to develop a methodology that can detect and translate moral emotions to imbue participatory procedures with responsive and reflexive intent. A mixed-method research strategy is conducted to design a Q methodology that includes a moral foundation framework. The resulting research design is made to be accessible by including a Q set with a limited number of statements and having limited supervision during the sorting while having rigor with the results by using innovative analyzing methods on basis of the categories of the sorting grid. The research design is roughly validated by a participatory procedure in Wijchen, where it has detected moralities that have remained unarticulated during participatory events. In conclusion, the research design has the potential to be applied and iterated at a broad range of participatory procedures. The incorporation of works of art for moral-emotional reflection can further strengthen the research design.

This research examines how construction project managers in China integrate sustainability into their decision-making processes despite other constraints, such as cost, time, and quality. Using a Q-methodology, the study reveals a variety of managers' perspectives and strategies on sustainability, highlighting the complexity of integrating sustainability into construction project management.

The study identified three main perspectives of construction project managers: Cost and Sustainability, People and Sustainability, Cost and Quality. The study found that in current practice there is a general preference for safety over sustainability, while there are different perspectives on the sustainability compatibility with project objectives. The study highlights the need for continuous innovation and adaptation in incorporating sustainability while recognizing the diversity of management approaches and the multifaceted nature of construction projects.

While providing practical insights for industry practitioners, the study also recognizes limitations due to data subjectivity, regional differences, and changing external conditions. It is recommended that future research be conducted to compare sustainability integration in different countries and to explore the impact of cultural, economic, regulatory, and environmental factors on sustainable construction practices.

The Dutch government is targeting substantial growth within the heating sector, with ambitions to double the number of sustainable heat connections for households by 2030 – from 0.5 to 1 million – and eventually reaching 2.5 million connections by 2050. The proposed institutional design outlined in the new Heat Act, also known as the "Wet collectieve warmtevoorziening (Wcw)" or "Warmtewet 2.0," aims to catalyze the heat transition, by prescribing a public majority interest for distribution infrastructures.

This research focuses on (the problem of) researching what issues play a role regarding ownership division of distribution networks, using the Dutch heating sector as a case study. An analysis of the decision-making process from a multi-actor perspective, including the criteria being considered relevant regarding this process, are used as means for researching these issues present between (categories of) stakeholders. Issues are in this research defined as conflicts between (categories of) stakeholders related to ownership division of distribution networks in the Dutch heating sector.

The results present an overview of seven issues playing a role related to ownership division of distribution networks. These issues seem somehow to be related to the more nationalization-driven approach regarding the assurance of publuc values in network sectors.

Introduction, Scope and Aim:
The objective of this research is to examine the influence of municipal spatial vision documents on the decision-making process of developers to participate in urban area developments. For this research a literature and case study as well as an expert meeting were used. With the case study methodology four urban area developments in the Netherlands were studied and included a desk research regarding the vision documents published and interviews with developers regarding their views of these documents and their reasons to invest. The results from the case studies were analysed and validated through an expert meeting.

Main results:
This research concluded that spatial policy documents play a crucial role in the urban development process since they create a first framework for the development. However, it was also noted that these documents can be unrealistic and fail to effectively persuade developers due to not considering the financial aspect of the development. It was furthermore concluded that these documents are important for the decision-making process of developers, as it is political statement from the municipality that it endorses housing development in a certain area. Developers furthermore look for clues in vision documents on what could be built since this greatly determines their development business case. However, such clues are of lacking in these documents and are therefore described by developers as vague. Furthermore, developers desire a balance of flexibility and certainty in spatial vision documents and the area development process. The internal decision-making process of developers regarding participation in an area development consists of creating a business case and conducting a risk analysis of the development, which are combined into an investment proposal. The decision whether to invest is not solely based on the business case being profitable and line with the internal goals of the developer, but also on having the 'belief' the development can be realised, which is based on the risk analysis as well as the developer's (gut) feeling about the development.

Main conclusion and recommendations:
Based on this research, it can be concluded that ultimately many factors influence the decision-making process of developers. Spatial vision documents contribute to this decision, but there is no direct cause-effect since other factors are also in play. Crucial are the shaping factors indicating what could be built that can be derived from the spatial vision document. Moreover, capacity building factors related to the reputation of and relationship with the municipality play a crucial role. These factors influence the 'belief' of a developer for successful area development. Additionally, factors related to developers' internal goals and modus operandi have a crucial impact on their decision of where to invest. It can be concluded that it is crucial that parties collaborate early in the process, that their relationship is good and, importantly, that there is mutual trust.

Summarising, spatial vision documents, shaping instruments and capacity building tools are an important influence on the decision-making process of developers, but internal and external factors play an at least equally important role.

What would you think if your neighbour, who owns a Tesla and therefore causes extra load on the already congested electricity grid and you would have to pay these costs? Feels unfair, doesn’t it? This is currently happening in the Netherlands and it concerns millions of households that consume electricity. Electricity consumers are currently paying for the extra loads that are caused by electric vehicles. Why do these consumers have to pay for other consumers that own Teslas? Why do these consumers have to pay without reaping the benefits? Why do these consumers have to pay for these costs while the fixed costs are rising through inflation and increasing energy prices (RTLNieuws, 2021)? Unfairness does not seem something to be desirable by society. So how does it suddenly arise? Unfairness of the network tariff system is in its core a cost allocation issue related to energy use. This issue is a recurring theme in the energy transition and it revolves around the central question of how we are going to divide the costs of the shift from fossil fuels to renewables. This question is currently a very relevant topic in the political and public debate and unfairness of the network tariffs further undermines the very necessary energy transition. The climate goals associated with this transition contributed to the development of sustainable energy technologies such as the electric vehicles, heat pumps, solar panels and wind turbines. The increasing penetration of these technologies cause extra costs for distribution system operators, the managers of the electricity grid. Electric vehicles, for example, congest the grid and therefore system operators will have to invest in the grid. The system operators will have to recover these costs from consumers through a network tariff system. The current tariff system uniformly distributes the costs for all households without making a distinction between heavy and light consumers. This means that consumers that cause extra costs for the system operators pay the same tariff as consumers that cause less costs. This was not a problem in the past because the differences in loads were small and inconsequential. This leads to an outdated network tariff system and causes unfairness for consumers. The system operators (Netbeheer Nederland) in the Netherlands luckily also recognize the seriousness of unfairness and therefore they initiated a multi-actor decision-making process with the goal of introducing a new network tariff system for small consumers in the upcoming years. This will be done in collaboration with a lot of stakeholders in the energy sector. The government (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate, ACM), the energy suppliers (E-NL, Vattenfall, Eneco, Essent, Engie, Greenchoice), consumer organizations (Vereniging eigen huis, Consumentenbond, Aedes) and other stakeholders are involved.

Ransomware attacks based on social engineering have been increasing since COVID-19. Attackers have commonly used phishing as a social engineering technique to deploy a ransomware attack. Critical infrastructures such as hospitals have been the common target of these attacks due to hospitals’ sudden increase in digitization and interconnectivity, and the richness of data housed by them. 70 percent of the ransomware attacks against organizations were attributed to the shortage of cybersecurity skills amongst employees. The basic knowledge amongst employees in recognizing suspicious signals is scarce even though there are numerous workshops, programs, and online websites to educate users of such threats. To tackle this problem, effective employee awareness methods are necessary and in this research serious games are used to help solve the problem. The Game Design Research Approach was used to design a serious game based on the combination of the PMT and MINDSPACE frameworks. The game design focuses on creating awareness on phishing signals in the players by using the elements of the PMT framework, that is, threat appraisal (making the players aware of the severity of and vulnerability to a threat) and coping appraisal (coping responses available to the player to deal with the threat). The influencers of the MINDSPACE framework are used in the design of the game to act as catalysts to improve threat appraisal and coping appraisal. The designed game, Phish Phishy, is a tabletop card game with four different sets of cards and is played in two rounds. Two gameplay sessions were conducted in two large academic hospitals in The Netherlands. Based on the game design, the results from the game survey suggested an increase in the awareness levels, that is, improved understanding of phishing signals (threat appraisal) and improved response to threat by reporting them (coping appraisal). Therefore, the PMT and MINDSPACE framework combination suggested by Briggs (2017) was explored for the first time through the serious game, Phish Phishy, to make hospital staff aware of phishing signals in the work environment and report them. The imitations of this research are that the gameplay was conducted only in two hospitals so the sample size is too small for generalisability. Future research should focus on conducting more gameplay sessions by replicating the samples to consider the potential of making the PMT and MINDSPACE frameworks as the industry standard for creating cybersecurity awareness interventions.

The airline industry is going through a big transformation. The institutional environment as well as the industry itself has changed. Competition with the entry of the low-cost carriers in a market that used to be dominated by flagship carriers and societal pressure regarding sustainability on airlines with COVID-19 state aids increased, while the shortage in the labour market limited the pace of recovery. The technologies that airlines use to operate have been outdated to cope with today's massive challenges. All of these changes forced airlines to innovate to maintain their services. During the era of technology, these innovations can be better nurtured within an innovation-conducive environment, which might be seen as an ecosystem designed for the co-creation of value through collaboration. In the last decade, both managers and scholars showed an increasing interest in the concept of innovation ecosystems, which provides a holistic perspective for value creation. However, despite its potential, the implementation of the innovation ecosystems in the airline industry and how it can support an airline to implement its innovation strategy has not been investigated. By conducting literature research and qualitative embedded case study, this research concludes that implementation of innovation ecosystems and innovation ecosystem strategies can help an airline to achieve its objectives on innovation and implement its innovation strategy by aligning its innovation processes, overcoming the barriers to innovation that hampers its innovation processes and finally facilitating the collaboration within and beyond the value chain to develop radical innovations that are required to cope with today’s complex challenges.