This deliverable is the outcome of Task 1.1, Theoretical and Conceptual Framework, within
the FABRIX project’s Work Package 1, Theory and Methodology. The document lays out a
comprehensive framework to guide research across the project, which aims to establish
sustainable, regenerative textile and clothing (T&C) ecosystems through local, circular
manufacturing systems in urban areas. By integrating spatial sciences, industrial symbiosis,
and economic geography, FABRIX addresses the fragmented nature of current urban
manufacturing practices and seeks to bridge gaps between economic networks and spatial
environments.

At its core, FABRIX emphasizes the dual concepts of ‘network of spaces’ and ‘space of
networks’ to explore how urban planning and economic systems can mutually support the
shift towards circular and regenerative practices in the T&C sector. The analytical focus is
on rethinking the spatial and network relationships that structure urban manufacturing,
with an emphasis on creating sustainable frameworks that can be scaled across European
cities. The project’s evaluative dimension will assess interventions in urban manufacturing
spaces, identifying spatial configurations that promote or hinder circularity.

Central to the instrumental dimension of FABRIX is the development of the MANTEL
platform, a digital platform of tools that enhances local stakeholders’ capacity to manage
and improve value chains along circular and regenerative pathways. MANTEL targets
facilitators, businesses, and public authorities, equipping them with tools to implement
circular production and foster socioeconomic resilience.@en

Deliverable 1.2, part of WP1 ‘Theory and Methodology’, outlines the methodologies
developed and used for the FABRIX project, which aims to foster the creation of circular
and regenerative textile and clothing (T&C) ecosystems in urban environments. This
document is a continuation of the theoretical and conceptual framework laid out in
Deliverable 1.1, building a bridge from theory to practice. The FABRIX methodology is
designed to integrate spatial design, industrial symbiosis, and value chain analysis to
support the development of localized, circular manufacturing systems.

At the core of the methodology is the exploration of two interrelated concepts: the "space
of network(s)" and the "network of space(s)." These concepts guide FABRIX in addressing
the complex relationships between spatial and economic factors in urban manufacturing.
The project examines how these systems interact and how they can be optimized to
support circular and regenerative production processes, particularly in the cities of Athens
and Rotterdam. Through this approach, FABRIX aims to uncover key insights about how
networks of actors, resources, and institutions can drive local innovation while responding
to global challenges.

The methodology is operationalized through several key stages. These include the
mapping and scoping of existing T&C ecosystems, a visualization methodology that
combines topological and spatial data, and the development of a relational database to
analyse the interaction between various actors and their relationships. Additionally,
interviews with stakeholders—government officials, facilitators, and businesses—will
provide qualitative insights that inform the development of the MANTEL platform, a
digital platform of tools designed to support and guide local value chains by enhancing
collaboration and problem-solving capabilities for facilitators and public and private policy
makers.

FABRIX’s methodological approach emphasizes a co-creation process, with ongoing
interaction and feedback loops between the research team and local stakeholders.
Through open calls, financial support, and workshops, the project will directly engage
facilitators and businesses, empowering them to adopt circular practices and build
collaborative networks. This participatory approach ensures that the solutions developed
are not only theoretically sound but also practically viable in real-world settings.@en

Bedrijvigheid en wonen in de stad zijn met elkaar verbonden. Doel van dit hoofdstuk is de causaliteit van waarom we woningen in de stad nodig hebben kritisch in context en tijd te plaatsen. Causaliteit beschrijft de relatie tussen oorzaak en gevolg. Wonen in de stad wordt hier als een gevolg gezien van een bepaalde oorzaak, maar deze oorzaak verandert door de tijd en geografische ontwikkeling heen. De propositie van dit hoofdstuk is dat we aan het begin staan van een nieuw tijdperk, waarin de oorzaak waarom we woningen in de stad nodig hebben, verandert. Vooral voor Nederlandse steden zou dit weleens een belangrijke verandering kunnen zijn. De centrale boodschap van dit boekhoofdstuk is dat het daarom nodig is om deze mogelijke verandering ten eerste niet (impliciet) te negeren, en ten tweede de mogelijke gevolgen goed te begrijpen wanneer we in de praktijk in steden gebouwen en gebieden transformeren naar woningen. Dit leidt tot de centrale onderzoeksvraag van dit essay: Wat is de rol van stedelijke transformatie vandaag voor de ontwikkeling van steden in de toekomst? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden, zal eerst een korte beschrijving gegeven worden van hoe de stad gezien kan worden als een causaal gevolg van een maatschappelijke noodzaak aan toegevoegde waarde. Dit verklaart waarom bepaalde steden om bepaalde redenen ontstaan zijn, verdwenen zijn, of zich aangepast hebben. Vervolgens wordt de industriële stad uitgelegd als een belangrijk kantelpunt voor de rol van stad in de moderne maatschappij. Na de beschrijving van de post-industriële stad, wordt uitgelegd dat de hoogtijdagen van dit tijdperk hoogstwaarschijnlijk voorbij zijn, en dat dus de oorzaak van waarom we wonen in de stad nodig hebben weleens zou kunnen veranderen. Het hoofdstuk eindigt met een conclusie waarin een antwoord wordt geformuleerd op de onderzoeksvraag.@en

The circular economy (CE) brings many opportunities, but also many challenges for ports, cities, and their hinterland. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we embrace the inherent uncertainty of the spatial impact of the CE on ports and cities. We employ scenario methodology to guide us in steering this uncertainty by developing four scenarios. To explore the complexity of these four scenarios, we focus on the Dutch province of South-Holland. This region hosts the port of Rotterdam, the largest port in Europe, and its direct hinterland consists of a dense urbanised region. As such, the four scenarios cannot only shed a light on the future of the port, but also how its relations with its direct urbanized hinterland can potentially change. In two scenarios deglobalisation occurs. The consequences are, on the one hand, that the port's focus changes more to its direct hinterland instead of a global oriented focus. On the other hand, the existing water bound industrial areas in, or nearby cities increase in importance, in contrast to the contemporary pressure to redevelop these into waterfront residential and commercial areas. In other words, port and city/region grow towards each other. The second goal of the paper is to dive into the specific consequences of these scenarios for day-to-day planning practices. By combining micro-economic and AIS shipping data, we discovered the most important terminals and industrial areas for the transition towards a CE in port, city, and hinterland.@en

A geographic information system (GIS) stores, manipulates, analyses, and visualises spatial data. GIS enables the mapping of building elements and components and can optimise the location of facilities for circular activities, thus contributing to the closing of material loops and the spatial development of circular cities and regions. This chapter presents use cases of GIS in the circular built environment, with examples from academia, industry, and government. Academics use GIS data for urban mining studies to estimate the location and availability of secondary construction materials. Businesses in industry use GIS analysis to inform the facility location of circular construction hubs and (reverse) logistics. Governments use GIS to monitor and assess the circular spatial development potential of their (industrial) territories. In order to integrate GIS into circular economy solutions, improvements need to be made in making spatial data available and in presenting findings that emerge from it. Finally, present enthusiasm for GIS tools should be balanced by a deeper understanding of the connection between digital tools and governance decisions.@en

This closing chapter brings together the main messages from each chapter. It formulates a policy agenda for circular cities and regions. It does so by providing a set of recommendations for policy practice. These are addressed at authorities and policy stakeholders at the international, national and subnational levels.@en

As circular economy policies are adopted to tackle unsustainable built environment patterns related to carbon emissions and inefficient use of resources, scholars warn about the inadequacy of such policies to support sustainable urban development. Siloed circular economy policies in the built environment have focused on applying circular strategies to construction practices. However, cities as complex adaptive systems require systemic interventions including ecologically regenerative and adaptation actions to bring about a more circular built environment and, ultimately, a circular city. This article analyses policy coherence –or the (mis)alignment and possible synergies– of circular built environment in Greater London. Resorting to a circular city policy coherence framework, through document analysis of planning and circular economy policies and semi-structured interviews, both the state of circular built environment policy is assessed and policy recommendations are provided. Circular built environment policies in Greater London have increased in their overall coherence by means of the application of circular economy principles in construction practices, but less so in bringing about a circular city. The findings contained herein may inform policy making in Greater London and other cities of the world to help improve their circular city policy responses to the complex societal challenges imposed by the ongoing socio-ecological crisis.@en

Circular economy (CE) is territorialised. Economic activities are spatially embedded; they operate across a variety of scales and are heavily influenced by their spatial context. Yet the CE academic literature and policy frameworks rarely address this dimension. If CE policies are to achieve sustainable development goals and be implementable at a subnational level, these shortcomings need to be addressed. In this chapter, we take stock of the current debates and policy on CE in cities and urban regions, critiquing them from a spatial, socio-ecological and governance perspective. On that basis, we outline a new policy and research agenda to bridge the above-mentioned gap and inform the development and implementation of place-based CE policies.@en

One of the five circular economy (CE) principles is “localisation” or “localism”, understood as a smaller geographical consumption–production system that fits better with local needs. Rightfully, the rationale for localism is derived from ecological principles. However, these arguments remain debated and subsequently can fail to become operationalised in policy goals and measures. From a governance perspective, localism is perhaps the most important CE principle, as it is the only one that clearly links the circulation of resources to a confined area, and so to specific administrative areas, and eventually informs us “who is responsible”, and so will have the advantages, but also the disadvantages, of CE. In this chapter, we turn our attention to the European context, where the European Union (EU) and many of its member states have set out an ambitious policy agenda for moving towards CE. We argue that the current geopolitical turmoil provides a “window of opportunity” through which to clarify the responsibilities for driving a transition towards CE across levels of government and to seize the momentum to operationalise the localism principle and move European cities and regions towards more resilient, circular futures.@en

This chapter applies the polycentric port region perspective on the US Gulf Region. This concept, which originates from urban studies, has recently been adapted by Van den Berghe et al. (2022) to study multiport gateway regions, with focus on the European Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp (ARA) petrochemical port region. The central research question is if and to what extent the US Gulf Region is also a polycentric port region. To do this, we analyzed the three dimensions of polycentric port regions: morphological, functional, and institutional. Based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) shipping network data, geographical mapping, and institutional historical analyses, our empirical results show that the US Gulf Region can be regarded as an emergent polycentric port region. Although there are important differences with ARA, also the US Gulf port region exists of a set of different port regions where several different petrochemical functions are located and that are functionally related. In other words, to some degree, but less than ARA, specialization and complementarity is in play. In line with the ARA region, the emergence of the oil spot market is an important moment. For the US, the physical delivery point is in Cushing, Oklahoma, and not along the coast, which differs to ARA. Nevertheless, we conclude that both regions – being the first and second most important petrochemical regions in the world – are polycentric and on top of that have important relations between them. With the current shocks in the energy market, using such perspective can help us understand what is happening or will occur in these regions; not the least in reference to the hydrogen and post-fossil chemical sector.@en

The thesis of this commentary is that the success of ports does not depend on results, but on the perception of the port. Today, the success of the port is changing rapidly. From being a logistical champion in attracting cargo, we now increasingly want ports to help our society; this through innovation, post-fossil energy production, a circular economy, high quality jobs, etc. However, this new societal purpose of ports is at odds with the decades-old perception of ports and the way we have institutionalised this perception. This commentary explains that if we want to find the real answers to the challenges facing our ports and society, we need to rethink our perception of ports. If we don’t, the policies we develop will miss the mark. We need to adopt a relational perception of the port first, and a spatial planning second. In this way we will be able to see how innovation happens, who is involved, where the key players are and who benefits.@en

Circularity for Educators’, and a second platform for interaction and direct exchange that we call ‘Educators for Circularity’, are part and parcel of the Circular Impulse Initiative (CII), a project intending to enhance the integration of circularity in BK education. Whereas the first provides with content on either circularity or pedagogy, the latter offers the opportunity for all of us to meet and share our experiences and learn from one another. More than 40 professors and researchers have contributed so far with videos and additional resources that are open and accessible to all. @en

Dozens of cities around the world have already envisioned a circular built environment by establishing a variety of sectorial policies, strategies, and roadmaps, among other policy documents. As circularity is introduced in the making and operation of the built environment, caveats have been raised upon the governance of circular transitions. Policy coherence – or the extent to which policies are well-aligned and create synergies for implementation – in circular built environment research remains an unaddressed aspect of policymaking that, when lacking, may affect the transition’s effectiveness. This article aims to synthesize what policy coherence entails and how can it be assessed particularly in the transition towards a circular built environment. To do so, we developed a two-step approach. Firstly, resorting to academic literature we developed a framework for policy coherence and combined it with an existing framework for circular city development. The resulting framework combines four elements: policy levels, dimensions of coherence, actions for circular city developments, and levers for circular development. Secondly, we tested our framework for the transition of Delft University of Technology’s campus, in the Netherlands, towards a circular and carbon-neutral campus by 2030. Results show that the campus transition policy is increasingly improving its coherence, however, a narrow focus on looping actions over ecologically regenerating and adaptation ones may hinder a more integral campus development in the coming years. A circular city development perspective offers the opportunity to embrace more holistic goals, instruments, and implementation measures. Valuing policy coherence as desirable, our framework highlights the benefits and difficulties towards improving coherence. It also shows the importance of understanding the circularity imperative embedded in policy documents by policy makers formulating and implementing the policies for more coherent transitions in the built environment.@en

This paper enacts a dialogue between planning literature on polycentric urban regions (PUR) and port geography literature on multi-port gateways. The main proposition is that polycentric systems are the emergent outcome of the interactions between three dimensions of polycentricity: morphological, functional and institutional. The focus is on the Dutch–Belgian Amsterdam–Rotterdam–Antwerp (ARA) port–industrial region: one of the world’s largest concentrations of oil refining and petrochemical activity. The central question is to what extent is the ARA region a polycentric system and what explains this observed polycentricity? Our analyses demonstrate a high degree of morphological and functional polycentricity with each of the constituent (firms located in) ports connected through flows and specialization in processing and trading oil (products). However, this is not the intended result of formalized spatial planning, nor did the ARA ever became a frame of reference among planning agencies. Rather, it is the result of self-organization in the oil industry that has culminated in the emergence of the ARA as an internationally recognized spot market, later institutionally formalized in delivery contracts (oil futures) traded on international commodity exchanges. We conclude that polycentric systems could be understood as emergent systems that obtained generative capacities, in turn influencing its different constituting dimensions.@en

The built environment plays a central role in the transition towards the circular economy as they concentrate major consumer and polluter human activities. However, the way BEs are – and need to be – driven by policy to reach cities’ circular goals is still an under-researched aspect. Particularly, there is limited knowledge of policy instruments aimed to foster the transition towards a circular built environment. Therefore, we conduct a systematic literature search and a review of scientific publications to characterize the relation between the circular built environment and policy instruments suggesting its implementation from a circular city development perspective. We do so by answering: (1) how many publications elaborate on CBE policy instruments, (2) what type of circular actions in relation to circular city development are mentioned, and (3) what policy instruments are proposed to implement a CBE. The literature search is performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our results show that 53% of publications address policies instruments for circular built environment transitions. Although different circular actions are identified, looping actions prevail. Adapting and ecologically-regenerating actions, which are essential for circular city development, remain insufficiently researched. Finally, among policy instruments for circular built environment implementation there is a clear tendency towards regulation as means for leverage, which calls for bigger research efforts concerning the mix of policy instruments, as well as in more general challenges in governance and policy coherence.@en

Within the majority of port city literature, the evolution of port cities is still explained as an inevitable or ‘logical’ process whereby maritime land-uses gradually migrate from city centres towards waterfront zones with deep water access. Between the 1950s and 2000s, obsolete port areas around the world have surely become waterfront redevelopment sites, often with high-end urban property development, signified by iconic architectural projects. As observed and described in the port city of Amsterdam, the financial-economic success of this ‘port-out, city-in’ process has led to land-use conflict, observed also in other port cities around the world. This paper questions, however, whether the land-use conflict in Amsterdam, observed ten years ago, is just an observation, or part of a self-fulfilling prophecy. To answer this question, we engage in a meta-discussion about the port–city interface model itself. By performing an in-depth case study in the 2018–2019 period, we reconstructed the evolution of a fierce land-use conflict in the port–city interface of Amsterdam. We conclude that the key causal mechanism was context-specific, but also that generic ‘port-out, city-in’ discourse has been an important contingent condition.@en