The main objective of this research was to explore the possibilities of adding experience to our learning process and how to create architecture for this new type of learning. This new type of learning is called Trias Discere. Trias Discere is a combination of broad knowledge, deep knowledge, and experience. The research has been done by asking the following question: How can we create a new experience-based learning system and how to create (digital)architecture for it? In this research, experience-based learning is defined as learning through real or digital experiences. In the scope of this thesis the experiences are mainly gained through virtual reality(VR) or augmented reality(AR), but not exclusively. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to learning what role experience has in our history(and present-day), gaining an understanding of how we experience, and what factors influence our experience. The second part of this thesis is focused on gaining an understanding of how architects or experience designers can approach creating spaces for specific experiences. This has been done by creating a framework and applying this to what-if situations. The results from creating what-if situations and applying the framework are as following: the expression of each of the characteristics is influenced by the other characteristics, therefore not one conclusive answer to the expression for each of the characteristics can be given. However, the framework that has been developed and used during this thesis can be used to understand how each of the characteristics expresses itself in different experiences.

Today, our world is in crisis. No single part of the world can withstand the destructive effects of climate change. So it’s time for action! Rethinking the future presents a blueprint for a new way of life that maximizes the density of a city while creating the highest quality of life for it’s citizens. A new way of life with the smallest carbon footprint possible; that improves mental health; that is affordable for all; and that offers ultimate freedom. By envisioning the world as a network of interconnected communities, the inhabitants are encouraged to travel around the world and to explore the beauty of our planet. In order to realize these communities, Rethinking the Future proposes both a timetable and a toolkit - the latter consisting of dwellings, shared facilities and elements for self-sufficiency.

Everything started with my fascination of Pokémon-Go; the cultural moment when the building environment was used differently than intended; massive groups gathered around in public parks and kids invading your backyard. I wanted to understand the behavior of people and the new ways of interaction between space and humans. Literature research helped defining different fields of game-theory and architectural space, and most importantly the relationship between those. It gave the knowledge needed to do observations and make new conclusions. The results were descriptions of spaces where the situation of the Pokémon-GO effect occurred: playgrounds. These playgrounds were spaces where the players could be free and use their imagination to build their own world, where humans can be playful. With my design I intent to have the same methodology as these playgrounds.

Coney Island is a special place. It is both a chimera and a relic. A chimera (is a mythological creature with multiple faces) that shifts and vanishes and reforms right before our eyes. And a relic that has seen so many different stories and has been part of many lives in so many different ways. For most, Coney Island is an energetic escape from daily city life. A place to let go at, within its explosiveness, absurdity and extremity. It’s amusement parks and their rides and attractions seem to be a collection of all bombastic parts of life. However Coney Island also has an intimate side that doesn't get experienced often, but makes it a truly time-resistant landscape. The design for the Coney Hotel, reveals Coney Island's amusement area's whole narrative in order to benefit city life as a fitting escape from it. The design is like a confident creature that isn’t afraid to be in the spotlight but is also humble enough to let its surroundings take the stage. It is elegant, but strong, crazy but nice. It is an energetic attraction that can be used to escape to, collecting story after story becoming a relic, with an intimate connection to its surroundings and its users, being honest about its different faces and allowing Coney Island to be so as well.

Technological advances over the past centuries have greatly improved our quality of life. However, when we look at historical centres with their vernacular buildings, we seem to prefer them to the modern ones. According to Amos Rapoport there are three types of societies; primitive, vernacular and the modern. Each of these societies operates in such a fundamentally different way that we cannot understand their architectural differences just by comparing their looks. We need to delve into the characteristics of these societies to understand the different appearances (Rapoport, 1969). Materials could suddenly come from everywhere and building components were standardised because of mass-production (Salingaros, 2014). The buildings became more anonymous and less an expression of the place (Golden, 2012). The relationship to nature changed, modern society went from a symbiosis to a dominating role in which it exhausts nature and creates waste and toxins. Gradually, society is discovering the negative sides of this industrial efficiency. With the upswing of sustainability awareness we recognise that our ‘throwaway society’ is no longer acceptable (Chapman, 2015). We demolish recent buildings that seem to be fine and there is a growing number of vacant office buildings (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2013). At the same time there is a shortage of housing, but demand and supply do not seem to match because there is a lack of flexibility and attractiveness. To prevent future vacancy we need to focus on transforming the office areas into mixed-use urban areas instead of mono-residential areas. In redevelopment, there are many considerations what to maintain and what to demolish. How few interventions can we do to achieve this intended quality? How can we reintroduce attractive vernacular qualities in existing office buildings to transform them into attractive, vibrant, multifunctional and resilient urban areas? Through the research, I discovered three issues with modern society's approach to building, resulting in three design objectives: AESTHETICS | Creating lively, local and personal facades. FUNCTION | Making change in function and preferences possible. TECHNOLOGY | Using biodegradable materials.

Configurational Morphology is a research and design project exploring the potentials of configurational design as a systematic approach to generating site-specific urban form responsive to its environmental, social end economic context. By looking into both the theoretical potentials of configurational thinking as well as its practical application in the form of design experiments, the project manages to paint a comprehensive picture of how a configurational design process could be structured and what benefits it could bring. From its historical precedents and roots in vernacular architecture, through its analytical capacity to abstract and visualise the socio-spatial patterns of existing cities, its applicability as a digital design interface mediating between humans and machines, its compatibility with advanced computational techniques to finally its ability to generate bottom-up adaptive urban form, the experiments reinforce the idea that such a design approach could indeed be possible as well as feasible. Throughout, an underlying theme guides the project; a vision of the future city in which generic cookie-cutter urban fabric is replaced by customised adaptive urban forms of tremendous diversity. With it returns local identity, the richness of spatial experiences, increased performance and sustainability, higher density, increased equality and much more. Simultaneously, traditional socio-spatial structures are deconstructed and can be translated to other previously unimaginable forms such as a high-rise row house or a slab functioning as a courtyard block offering completely new possibilities for urban living. The result is a city of infinite opportunities; a city in which our social patterns, buildings, the environment and the urban fabric again become an indistinguishable whole adapted to contemporary urban life and fit for the future of our society.

A exploration of integrating spatial augmented reality (mainly projection mapping) into space design to create spatial illusion. A method to compress the space and change audience's perception of space by mainpulation of these illusion, mainly including influence on some psychological cues of space cognition. The project is an immersive theater in Suzhou, China.

The built environment consumes 50% of all raw materials, 40% of the total energy and 30% of the total water, in the Netherlands. As climate change looms over and threatens our physical environment, the EU and consequently the Dutch government has proposed multiple stringent regulations to curb our unsustainable resource consumption habits and create a circular economy for the future. The realization of such an economy is currently hindered by the lack of availability of standardized design strategies and assessment methods. In comparison, a high energy performing building can be designed, assessed and operated by following the closely monitored Energy performance building directive initiated by the EU. The directive lays down stringent goals to be achieved in the built environment every few years. This imbalance leads to the development of a fast-paced energy efficient building stock with circular economy ambitions lagging behind. Addressing this gap, this research focuses on creating and testing an assessment method that measures the energy performance and circularity of a building in an integrated manner, to ensure the equal development of both aspects. In this process, data on new buildings are gathered using which the circular intentions and consequent measures incorporated in these buildings to meet the current building regulations are tracked, resulting in a set of design guidelines for improving the combined energetic and circular performance of a building.

Demology project investigates the potential of recycling concrete rubble from demolition of vacant buildings in Southern Limburg in Netherlands. With the "Demologies" research paper, collaborating with local recycling company I analyze typologies that were demolished in Parkstad recently, to compare them later, trace material flow within wider context and map spatial tendencies. It reveals massive amounts of concrete recycled aggregate as well as urban tendencies that result from wide-spread demolition in Parkstad. This theoretical framework serves as a starting point for the design that uses rammed concrete rubble prefabs for the purposes of compression-only domes. Those new typologies are constructed on site of the existing demolition recycling company and they blend with surrounding demolition concrete piles. It opens up traditional model of recycling for local community, offering the function of cross border visiting centre. Participation happens not before, not after, but during the present work of the recycling company. It is a celebration of transience, impermanent imperfection. It is rough but delicate. It appreciates the ingenuous integrity of concrete rubble processes.

The graduation project started with my fascination for mycelium-based materials, ecology and the circular economy. The main goal I strive to incorporate within the design project is circularity by integrating the ecology within the existing build environment and society. Therefore, I choose the Harvest studio of Architectural Engineering chair, because this studio is focused on the synergy between technology and design to solve societal issues. Within this studio we work through all scales, from region to object, in which I tried to close waste streams to incorporate circularity within my graduation project. Which gave me the feeling to contribute to a better and sustainable future.
The objective is to research and design with the possibilities of applying fungi though different scales within the built environment of the region Parkstad in Limburg, using different organic waste streams of local industries. The “roots” of this living organism called mycelium, can transform this waste into valuable new building materials. This way a symbiotic entanglement with the ecosystem can be arranged by literally implementing living organisms within the architectural design. This can be accomplished by investigating the qualities of mycelium-based materials, the production process and growing modular building objects that eventually disappears within the ecosystem after its use instead of harming the planet.
The design project is located in two vacant steel construction halls in Schinveld. The goal of this project is to revitalize this abandoned industrial terrain into a “Fungi Factory”: a factory for the production of mycelium-based materials. I tried to add a positive value to these halls by designing a factory and a place where people work, meet and learn about new innovations. The factory is leaving a positive footprint on the environment because it is not depending on fossil fuels and it is closing organic waste streams within the region. In this way I tried to create a balance between ecology and economy. Within the hall I designed a dynamic landscape of flexible units that can easily adapt to the growing scale of the production process and the demand of the users. Within the materialization of the design project will form a showcase of the variety of the applications of mycelium-based materials. With the help of mycelium I tried to design an example towards a sustainable future.

This research focusses on providing guidelines on how energy flat multifunctionalurban blocks can be designed, including governance components.   First of all, architectural design can play a significant role in reducing themismatch over time. With architectural design the space heating demand can bereduced and the cooling demand can be increased. Additionally, for well-insulatedbuildings the energy system that is most suited largely depends on thefunctional program of the area. When the area has a lot of functional area witha high heat-cold ratio, i.e. more cooling demand than heating demand, energyexchange can increase its autonomy. With the introduction of continuous coolingeven more energy can be exchanged between functions and the energy system isless dependent on other technologies to supply heat other than subtracting heatfrom the building itself and use it as heat source.         For energy flat multifunctional urban blocks optimization of the overall energysystem through stakeholder collaboration and integral technological approach isa key component. Hence, these energy systems are becoming quite complex. Inorder for the concept of energy flatness to be taken up the supply, paymentregulations and distribution of energy within an urban block should befinanced, maintained and operated by a third party, an Energy servicecontracting company (ESCO).

This projects aims to understand architectural entities present in Blaak Market, Rotterdam systematically and map their relation to a geometric game. Doing so would enable the inhabitants to voice their concern by play ing an intuitive game. Beside the new approach to participatory design, the methodology adopted in this project has made the design process more accessible for further investigation and reflection on design process and the consequences of decisions.

The refurbishment of the Dutch post- war residential building stock provides a great potential for energy and CO2 emissions savings, since a large number of buildings were built before 1975 and under low or no energy standards. However, their refurbishment and especially zero-on-the-meter, is too expensive and it is not possible to find the required funding. Following the guidelines of the Project MVI-Energie, which proposes disconnecting from the gas and decreasing the heating demand (that can reach up to 70% of energy demand) by insulating as such to be able to change to low temperature heating. This study focused on portiekapartments and proposed a refurbishment strategy to achieve LT-ready, while lowering the costs, time and nuisance to the residents. The facade criteria regarding the energy efficiency are the results of a parametric simulation, which includes every significant facade variable and the innovative process of applying external insulation at the optimal percentage to achieve LT-ready. The results of this simulation - diagram of solutions- can be used to upscale the research and as a guideline to quickly and easily understand if this strategy can be applied to other buildings and what it will need, based on their facade characteristics. For the technical solution a prefabricated small size insulating panel is used, that reinforces the economically feasible and fast refurbishment idea. An important aspect of the solution is to be adaptive (for example provide different cladding options) and can be part of a two-step refurbishment by providing the opportunity in the future to be continued to deeper refurbishment if needed.

The biggest city of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, faces increasing flood
risk, causing frequent sickness, loss of life, and widespread damage
to property. Dar es Salaam is one of the fastest growing cities in the
world. More than 70% of the residents live in informal settlements.
Many of them are located in flood prone areas like river valleys and
floodplains, which flood annually. Because of their limited coping capacity,
residents are not able to recover from the impacts of this flooding.
Due to the change of precipitation patterns, the flood risk is
likely to increase in the future, putting even more people and assets at
risk during more frequent and intense floods. This graduation project
seeks to answer the main research question: How can urban form
and landscape help to mitigate the effects of floods on citizens in Dar
es Salaam, Tanzania?
For areas with a high density of buildings, multifunctional courtyards
are proposed. The existing building structure is strategically densified,
and filled with new buildings to shape courtyards. Inside, a variety of
interventions reduce the water run-off into the river valley, treat waste
water and generate income via urban agriculture and aquaponic
systems. For the river valley the construction of “chinampas” is being
proposed, which creates a high retention capacity for storm water
while enabling agricultural activities and connectivity across the river
valley throughout the wet and dry seasons. At the edges of the valley,
different interventions are located in order to reduce and clean
run-off water before entering the valley. The combination of spatial
interventions to reduce the flood risk with urban agriculture reduces
the impacts and increases the ability of residents to deal with future
hazards.
The design proposals are supported by a implementation strategy
and complimenting policies which reduce pollution, steer future urban
development and introduce new renting models to host a higher diversity
of lifestyles with different economic abilities.

Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality have the potential to enhance the capabilities of the architect. This thesis explores the implications of the integration of these technologies intothe architectural design process. It provides a theoretical framework by discussing what VR & AR would mean to the architect’s workflow, and to his workspace. In doing so, VR& AR are not regarded solely as tools or media, but also as a potential design environment. This is reflected in the main research question: “What are the implications of using VR & AR as the workspace in the architectural design process?” As a conclusion of the theoretical framework a personal view of a possible virtual design environment is argued.The thesis also provides a practical framework in the form of a comparison between the ‘traditional’ design process and the ‘augmented’ design process, which is based on a set ofVR & AR experiments done during the design process of the ‘University Forum for the TU Delft’.The underlying function of this thesis is to kickstart the discussion on VR & AR in the architectural design process.

The Art of Ageing is a manuscript about the transience of life specified in relation to our built environment.
Decay and decline are perpetual processes from the present-day, we as humans are always trying to increase this phenomenon. Such craving for this “youngness stage” results in unnatural outcomes. Like in the cosmetics industry, but it is also seen in architecture. As architects we are used to building in a permanent way. Buildings are structures that outlive us. We try to capture our building environment, because it gives us identity. But in doing so we mostly manipulate history for different purposes. Why are we trying to fool ourselves?

This research takes a closer look at our relation with architecture and the pursuit of immortality. By using a self-formed database of subjects around this theme I have written five short essays in this manuscript. I started with a quote by Hannah Arendt where she speaks about the importance of the permanence of our surroundings. I really believe that this is important for the reality and reliability of the human world but I wanted to research the relation between my theme of transiency and the permanence of the world.

These five themes contain subjects explaining why modern architecture cannot age well, ruin porn, acceptance of the passage of time, the importance of the landscape and mortality. My findings and the beginning quote by Arendt were not really a friction in the end.
The recognition of the building cycle over the course of time plays an important role for the reality and reliability of our world. By maintaining such reliable surroundings nothing will be hidden or unpredictable. With the acceptance of ageing and death we can create a stable situation which is predictable. Change is needed to prevent us from untrue reality that is easily created by ourselves. So let us design a true landscape and then rely on our surroundings.

This research investigates events as an elementary tool to change the physicality of the environment, the perception of the environment and the behaviour of users within an environment. The main research question being, How can an event influence architecture? To find out what an event is, the literature study will focus on the writing of Bernard Tschumi Herman Hertzberger and J. J. Gibson, both in a different way involved in the philosophy of the event. Subsequently we will take a closer look at the documenta, the quinquennial contemporary art exhibition in Kassel, a provincial city in the middle of Germany. The meaning of an event is investigated by looking at several noteworthy events that happened during documentas throughout the years. Their impact on their surroundings is studied through archive photos, reports, video and news articles on the documenta. Findings are that an event is signified by a physical change of the environment, a perceptional change of the environment and/or a behavioural change towards the environment. Depending on the event, these changes are either temporary or permanent. The finding of the method derived from numerous attempts to capture the essence of such an event, that will also be discussed.

The design that follows from this research focusses on the city Kassel itself, especially on the Nordstadt, Kassels most neglected district. As a result from location analysis the designbrief for a youth-centre is created. The basis of this design relies on the reference to garages and the events that can take place in and around these spaces.

The thesis is focused on Paris and the notion of power, prevailing in the city. It is more particularly looking at the experience of control felt within it and how it is possible to design in resistance to this particular aspect.
The graduation was developed along different methodologies and themes of interest.
The research, set at the beginning of the graduation, looked at how different monuments in Paris are using the visitor’s experience to condition its reactions and so behaviour. From it rose a reflection on the entering process and its conditioning aspect and the possibilities of resistance it could offer.
Following the research came the study of Paris on a larger scale to look at places at the corner of political interventions, and therefore control. This was done to find a ground of potential resistance to the city structure.
The place de la Bastille first appeared as a typical Parisian square, it is an important node for the city infrastructure and has at its centre a monument. However, its name and particular political and urban history revealed how it is in resistance.
The study and analysis of the place’s history and structure delivers another understanding of the place, its important features and how it serves as an exception within Paris.
Since Haussmann, Paris is characterized by uniformed public spaces. Its specificities relying on monuments and different figures of representations inherent to the French political history.
His intervention on the place the la Bastille resulted in a disconnection between the common experience of the place and the symbolic of its name.
The project itself re-uses the place’s history and physical aspect, its lost experience to reconnect the visitor to the feeling of the place; and not its representations; as a tool for resistance.

To cut down immense greenhouse gases emission and energy consumption in the rapidly urbanizing world, a holistic understanding and rethinking of our dynamic urban energy system are inevitable. Performing bottom-up building energy modelings at urban scale based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and semantic 3D city models could be a promising option to provide quantitative and integrated energy solutions.

Nevertheless, input uncertainties either caused by limited data accessibility in most cities or parameters with stochastic variability (e.g. house occupancy profile) become one of the biggest obstacles to produce reliable and acceptable building energy modeling results. This study aims to address the heating demand simulation performance gap caused by input uncertainties. In this case study based on Amsterdam residential building stock, parameter importance ranking of the 14 simulation inputs are first derived according to the sensitivity analysis. The selected key uncertain parameters are then modeled in a probabilistic distribution way at postcode 6 level (approximately or slightly more than 10 buildings). Model calibration is based on the Bayesian approach and given six years (2010-2015) of gas consumption data to infer parameter posterior distributions. After the training phase, the calibrated annual heating demand simulation results of the validation years show significant improvement in modeling accuracy. Comparing the baseline and the calibrated simulation results, the averaged absolute percentage errors of energy use intensity (EUI) among at least 84 valid postcodes have decreased from 24.96% to 8.31% in 2016 and from 19.93% to 7.70% in 2017 respectively.

The calibrated urban building energy model would be most interested by municipalities, urban planners, and engineering consultancies. It can be used to evaluate long-term energy supply and demand strategies, identify building renovation saving potential, perform large-scale building performance mapping, and carry out retrofit measures assessment.