This thesis focuses on research and design of future airports. The innovations in the aviation industry are guiding for the design. The main innovations that the design is based on are the supersonic airplanes fueled by hydrogen and efficiency focused technologies.

Berlin, a city characterized by its diversity, creativity, and resilience, stands as a vibrant hub with a rich history, influential club culture, with a prominent global position. The city’s identity has been shaped by a series of transformative events, from its growth along the Spree in 1724 and the cities expansion with characteristic blocks in 1862, up to the significant impacts of World War II and the division imposed by the Berlin Wall in 1961. The subsequent reunification process led to redevelopment, urban planning, and the evolution of Berlin’s dynamic, multicultural identity.

Aligned with this historical narrative, the city’s spatial structure, public transportation network, and urban development have undergone continuous evolution. The Berlin railway network, dating back to 1846, has expanded and adapted to the city’s growing needs, as evidenced by the i2030 expansion plans for railways (Start - i2030, 2023).

However, the evolution of train stations, integral to the city’s transportation infrastructure, has taken a distinct turn. Once serving as waiting shelters, stations have transformed into commercial entities prioritizing profit and efficiency often at the expense of inclusivity. While the program focuses on becoming a symbolic gateway to the city, there is a growing sense of exclusion despite train stations being the daily crossroads for diverse populations.

In the spirit of Berlin’s anarchistic character, which advocates a bottom-up approach to city-making, this thesis proposes a radical departure from the conventional model of train stations. Instead of admitting to the profit-driven agenda of the state-owned railway operator, Deutsche Bahn, the thesis advocates for a user-centric architectural approach which will make it inclusive. By delving into the essential needs of Berlin’s community, passengers, and commuters, the aim is to establish a harmonious balance between profit-driven objectives and the diverse requirements of the local population.
The thesis seeks inspiration from anarchism, a philosophy advocating for the absence of top-down authority. This departure from conventional architecture involves challenging the prevailing paradigm of “hostile architecture,” marked by exclusionary designs, towards a more inclusive and versatile approach focused on liveability. Through the lens of anarchistic principles, the proposal aims to redefine the S-Bahn stations along the Berlin ring, offering a compelling vision for a more user-friendly, community-oriented, and progressive environment as prototype station.

This thesis proposes a prototype station for the current S-Bahn station at Frankfurter Allee, where the seamless integration of functionality and user experience becomes the focal point. The “Frankfurter Allee Locals Foundation”, consisting of rotating local residents, jointly owns the rentable units added to the station’s program. Its former identity as containerbahnhof has been repurposed for the rentable units at this particular station.

Some recommendations on how to design a prototype station for the S-Bahn ring in Berlin combining all flows with local identities are the outcome of the research through design.

According to the net zero land consumption stipulated in the European Green Deal, Berlin will no longer expand outwards and land resources will become tight. Under such circumstances, the construction of new places often leads to the demolition of old places, and many of the demolished places contained public memories and were of great significance to people. Therefore, it is hoped that the city can accommodate more spaces and activities through venue sharing. As a time-operated building, the train station can use its vacancy period to carry out other activities. In order to fit in with its operating cycle and at the same time protect Berlin's declining characteristic cultural industry, the night live is chosen to use the train station during its vacancy period. However, the night live has its unique needs, and the common station space cannot fully meet the needs of the night live and realize the conversion of different programs.

Based on the above statement, the research question is proposed, which is how to switch a train station to a night live venue during its vacancy period?

The design results are divided into three parts. The first part is the metro station used during the day. In this part, while realizing the normal operation of the basic programs of the station, adjustments to the space and programs are made based on the elements and needs of the night live, while optimizing the user experience in the day, so that the station can meet users’ expectations beyond efficiency. The second part is the night live venue used at night. In this part, adjustments are made to the parts that cannot be satisfied by the original space of the metro station, the adjusted space should be able to adapt to the programs of the night live and utilize the benefits brought by the unique characteristics of station space to optimize its experience. The third part is about how the two building types can be converted into each other. Starting from space, facilities and management, a complete conversion process is designed to answer the research question.

This thesis proposes an inner city hydrogen-powered seaplane port located in Rummelsburger Bucht, near the centre of Berlin. By using seaplanes, the airport would be a small-scaled airport with the approximate size of 50,000 square metres next to the Spree and no runways on ground would be necessary. With innovations of the hydrogen fuel, airports could be more environmentally friendly, sustainable and thus could be located at the heart of Berlin, benefiting medical passengers from rural areas and domestic travellers escaping the city for a break.

Berlin, as a metropolitan city in Europe, is linked with diverse ground transportation within the city. To promote the concept of UAM (Urban Air Mobility)/AAM (Advanced Air Mobility), the introduction of vertiport design as an innovative and sustainable heliport drives the transport efficiency and processing service for the rising number of regional travellers. The research part addresses two main aspects following three primary literature materials. One is from the perspective of human experience with architecture, and the other is from technical considerations such as the functional concerns of airport design. And the design aims to represent the verticality of the movement between eVTOL(Electric Vertical Take off and Landing aircraft) and passengers, at the same time, the project sets an ambition to create a new design strategy and expression of the building typology, vertiport towards future aviation infrastructure.

Hospitals, as public buildings, establish connections with people in ways unparalleled by other structures. The architecture of a hospital directly influences its functionality, profoundly impacting the delicate balance between life and death. In today's information society, where the body is increasingly viewed as a collection of data for tracking health, the focus shifts decisively towards preserving life.

The focus of this graduation project is the development of a hospital tailored to a concept known as the ‘Human Data Twin.’ This project seeks to explore the effects of digitalization in healthcare, specifically examining how datasets and artificial intelligence (AI) influence the architectural design and functions of hospitals. The term ‘Human Data Twin’ refers to the unique concept of digitizing the human body with large datasets to create a human data twin (HDT) in cyberspace. This allows hospitals to conduct real-time simulations, optimizations, and evaluations, providing personalized diagnosis to empower individuals in making informed decisions, enhancing health performance, and extending life expectancy.

The transformative approach to healthcare through digitization has extensive implications, potentially necessitating the creation of new spaces within hospitals. Research indicates that the AI revolution in medicine introduces new dynamics to spatial relations in the diagnostic process, with AI likely to play a key role. The architectural design of hospitals needs reevaluation, presenting an opportunity to promote the health, physical activity, and mental well-being of society.

The project holds significant relevance in the current context, drawing inspiration from near-future predictions of technological advancements in healthcare. It envisions a transformation from generalized to personalized and precision medicine, facilitated by data science and technology. By doing so, the project aims to spark discussions around the imperative nature of collaborating with technologies like AI, which will drive changes in hospital functions, processes, and design. This discourse will also highlight the ethical challenges and considerations inherent in such advancements. Broadly, the project aspires to establish guidelines for designing hospitals of the digital future.

The architecture of transportation is recognized by the contemporary lifestyle of society. For the built environment and the future of aerospace infrastructure architecture this legacy needs to be properly examined, respected and continued. This new form of urban infrastructure will introduce a mixed-use building where passengers can check in and travel between distinct urban drone stations. The network in which these vertiports will exist is expected to grow considerably in the coming century to accommodate a decline in car use. The expected increase in demand requires the design to include a modular approach, allowing terminals to easily expand or downsize as needed in the future. Additionally, the design will feature a warehouse dedicated to postal services, where packages and post can be sent through the city via drones. The location of this drone hub is strategically located next to the Hauptbahnhof-station on the unused plot of land adjacent to the tunnel trench where the tracks go underground. This area around and over the train tracks is ideal for apron platforms. Due to the extensive tracks, the project’s site offers a significant potential for future expansion. Developing a cornerstone of tomorrow’s urban landscape.

This thesis examines the potential for enhancing and expanding Berlin’s existing train station infrastructure through a case study focused on the U-Bahn station Gleisdreieck. This station, positioned within Berlin’s S-Bahn ring, is poised to require an S-Bahn extension in response to a new north-south transit link. The project presents a design proposal that integrates an S-Bahn station with the current U-Bahn station, and explores opportunities to future-proof these existing structures.

The central challenge addressed is the aging state of Berlin’s train stations, which increasingly fail to meet both present and anticipated needs. Through architectural and infrastructural adaptation, the study seeks to determine how Berlin’s transport hubs can evolve to support future mobility while respecting historical value. This proposal aims to achieve a careful balance between heritage preservation and forward-looking urban functionality, creating a sustainable extension that supports Berlin’s growth and aligns with future demands.

The project strives to imagine a district of commoning in Warsaw, where the common praxis is to be fueled by capturing the desires of visiting subjects. It is followed by an investigation of the relations of space and desire, finally culminating in the design of a cinema, which is to be a centrepiece of the desiring district.

Our cities are densifying to accommodate the growing urban population within the existing urban fabric. More and smaller homes are being built. This appears to be the result of an ongoing global housing crisis. Therefore, good quality public space becomes even more essential, as it acts as the expansion of our living rooms. It is the immediate living environment, where we live in, use, appropriate, and experience it together (Harteveld, 2020).
The growth of private spaces within our city limits, a reaction to the housing crises, should also lead to the expansion of our public space network. Especially if new building mass is introduced within city limits by filling up gaps, leftover spaces, or public spaces, which is then substituted by a great amount of private spaces. This ‘eating up’ of public spaces is f.e. happening with the planned projects of Kavel 6/7 and Habitat Royal, which are expanding the private areas of Amsterdam Zuid into the Beatrixpark, or Rotta Nova in Rotterdam, which is replacing a publicly used green space with a great amount of private spaces. These approaches of densification make the public space network of our cities shrink. Losing public space and not giving much more back than winning new private spaces. The logical outcome would be to reintroduce public and collective space (public interiors) as part of those projects to equal up for the deduction of public space, however, in these examples, it is not happening.
A merge of public space with private buildings as a response to densification could be achieved with public interiors. These expand the network of public space into the insides and outsides of private buildings. They are a vital component of the extension of the public space network and can become part of our everyday urban lives (Harteveld, 2014).

Waste derived from constructions and demolitions creates an opportunity to lower the carbon footprint of buildings. As bricks and concrete make up two of the most common construction materials world-wide, once the buildings they are built into, reach their end life, a large portion of the waste becomes available for reuse, rich in properties such as compressive strength and mass. If this waste is placed back into buildings, their carbon footprint can be massively reduced, while saving up on having to extract new raw and natural resources.

In an effort to reduce the amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) derived from the future generation of buildings, innovation and technologies are necessary. In the past several decades, robotic applications have made a great impact in many industries. Thanks to its efficiency, automated processes and flexibility of use, robotics has proven to be successful in manufacturing and assembly processes which can now be customized for architectural practices like the digital fabrication of new structures with the potential of implementation of new materials . If robotic manufacturing has the potential of upcycling CDW in the construction process, then buildings can have a smaller environmental footprint. Further research into experimenting with this waste material implemented into 3D printing with a 6DOF robot arm is necessary.

Key words:
Upcycling, Waste material, CDW, Low-Carbon Buildings, 3D Printing, AMoC, Robotic fabrication

Nature inclusive is a large topic that is still in its pioneering phase. There is a need for clear elaboration and ways of incorporating this new way of thinking into design. In order to have a functional nature inclusive design one must fist
know the existing ecosystem to contribute to this. The research question: how can a designer analyze a Dutch city to find the existing ecological structure and nature inclusive potential? Will be answered by making an analysis method. This analysis method will use insights of literature and ecological knowledge in combination with already broadly known analysis methods. By combining the way of analyzing of designers with the knowledge of nature inclusivity, a method is formed that will help create an nature inclusive design vision. The method can also be used as a tool to talk to city ecologist in order to make a well balanced ecological plan. This research limits itself to the animals of the Dutch city. Use of the method will apply best to cities comparable to the city of Rotterdam, which is used as example city in the research. The outcome of the analysis method is a clear vision on the nature inclusive potential of a site. Using visual aids and a list of recommendations this vision can be used in the start of the designing phase.

Architecture is a creative craft within certain limitations of program, technical requirements, environmental aspects, etc. and every project comes with a vast number of challenges that have to be tackled, giving the designer endless possibilities for solutions. A design tool used by many architects throughout the centuries to explore these possibilities has been painting. What is essential to consider is that architectural paintings can help architects stimulate their creativity and imagination. Despite this, the ways in which architectural paintings can be used in the design process and the process of making an architectural painting is rarely explicitly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this research is to understand the implicit creative process of architects who use painting as a design tool. The project "Elbetitsa" is an example of how architectural paintings can be used as a tool during the design process to stimulate creativity and create meaningful projects by addressing the multidimensional character of architecture.

This thesis is to be regarded as a reflection on the interplay between a recent ongoing personal experience, the accidents and encounters that it entailed, and underlying theoretical concerns.

I have been living in Tbilisi for the past few months.
During this time, I focused my attention on a case of architectural abandonment in the context of Tbilisi; Laguna Vere, a late Soviet aquatic complex that is today privatized and in disrepair.

In a moment of research and reflection on the tendency of conceiving reality through totalities and opposing concepts such as “inside- outside, me-other, subject-object, matter-form, local-global, east-west, state-market, private- public etc.” I happened to enter the building and experience its current condition firsthand.
Laguna Vere’s state could be analyzed and problematized in such terms; often, architectural objects or public spaces oversaturated by historic-political- symbolic-propagandistic signification tend to fall into polarized dialectics that affect and limit their perception, thus, their becomings. Opposing concepts to be regarded as forms of reductionism, implemented by power structures as control tools, that create, at a first level, a sense of nostalgia (or else, condemn), while producing, at at deeper level, public apathy, political pessimism and nihilism due to the experience of violence, impotency and passivity that the conflict causes. This manifests in a general unproductive approach towards existing (valuable) architectural objects, trapped in their being but filled with potential for new forms of appropriation and re-activation, new forms of becoming.

Laguna Vere has been framed as a symbol of the Soviet era, of International competitiveness. Laguna Vere was also a vibrant public space in the city center. It was open, green, and crowded. One could learn how to swim, how to hang out, and build networks there. It was a displace of bikinis and bare bodies, a cinema, a theatre.
Its status has deteriorated over time to one of physical abandonment and mental forgetfulness, which has been exacerbated by the city’s most recent privatization processes. Within its transformation dynamics and life cycle, the architectural object currently appears static, inaccessible, impermeable to external influences, and devoid of any link with the (public) context.

Nonetheless, no single moment in Laguna Vere’s evolution should be regarded as prominent, as either one thing or another; rather, it should be considered as a continual flux, an assemblage of singularities resulting in multiplicity.
All of the above-mentioned moments in time and space may be found as traces in Laguna Vere’s current state, and as a result, the current state also bears suggestions about the future, about what it could be but is not (yet).

In this thesis I am looking for traces; where /when to search for them and how to keep tracing?
How could bodily experience, as a tool for perception and analysis, be used to problematize the state of an abandoned space and foresee a possible future? Thereafter, in design terms, how could this space be rehabilitated and how could collective benefit be produced?

How can we design a low-energy house in the
post-industrial context with the use of environment and
technology and still keep heritage and expression of the past
or machine architecture?

This project tries to, inspired by the heavily quantified and confined ways of assessing "liveability" in policy documents, come up with a different way of reading the city. In this project, I aimed to explore this reading within the unit of the street, to see how focusing on a single street, a section of the city, could result in valuable broad insight into the neighborhood, the city and beyond. For the reading of this street, a socio-spatial approach was adopted, seeing space as a social product and focusing on how it is perceived and lived by its users in everyday socio-spatial practices. This is researched by walking and talking with ten individuals living and/or working on the this street. From this I tried to read the street through different eyes, the eyes of the people that are in a way experts of the street and see what lessons can be learned from this.