N ext Generation Gravity Missions (NGGMs) expected to be launched in the mid-term future have set high anticipations for an enhanced monitoring of mass transport in the Earth system, establishing their products applicable to new scientific fields and serving societal needs. The European Space Agency (ESA) has issued several studies on concepts of NGGMs. Following this tradition, the project “Additional Constellations & Scientific Analysis Studies of the Next Generation Gravity Mission” picks up where the previous study ESA-SC4MGV left off. One of the ESA-ADDCON project objectives is to investigate the impact of different orbit configurations and parameters on the gravity field retrieval. Given a two-pair Bender-type constellation, consisting of a polar and an inclined pair, choices for orbit design such as the altitude profile during mission lifetime, the length of retrieval period, the value of sub-cycles and the choice of a prograde over a retrograde orbit are investigated. Moreover, the problem of aliasing due to ocean tide model inaccuracies, as well as methods for mitigating their effect on gravity field solutions are investigated in the context of NGGMs. The performed simulations make use of the gravity field processing approach where low-resolution gravity field solutions are co-parameterized in short-term periods (e.g. daily) together with the long-term solutions (e.g. 11-day solution). This method proved to be beneficial for NGGMs (ESA-SC4MGV project) since the enhanced spatio-temporal sampling enables a selfde- aliasing of high-frequency atmospheric and oceanic signals, which may now be a part of the retrieved signal. The @en

The so-called Colombo-Nyquist (Colombo, The global mapping of gravity with two satellites, 1984) rule in satellite geodesy has been revisited. This rule predicts that for a gravimetric satellite flying in a (near-)polar circular repeat orbit, the maximum resolvable geopotential spherical harmonic degree (lmax) is equal to half the number of orbital revolutions (nr) the satellite completes in one repeat period. This rule has been tested for different observation types, including geoid values at sea level along the satellite ground track, orbit perturbations (radial, along-track, cross-track), low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking, and satellite gravity gradiometry observations (all three diagonal components). Results show that the Colombo–Nyquist must be reformulated. Simulations indicate that the maximum resolvable degree is in fact equal to knr + 1, where k can be equal to 1, 2, or even 3 depending on the combination of observation types. However, the original rule is correct to some extent, considering that the quality of recovered gravity field models is homogeneous as a function of geographical longitude as long as l max < nr/2.@en