In this study, the deposition, annealing process, and oxidation properties of HfNbTaTiZr high-entropy alloy thin films were thoroughly investigated. The films, approximately 250 nm thick, were deposited on MgO substrates by DC magnetron sputtering using a single target. The preparation temperature was identified as a key factor influencing the resulting structure. Amorphous films formed at room temperature, whereas nanocrystalline films, characterized by multiple intermetallic phases, were obtained either by deposition at elevated temperatures (600 °C – 750 °C) or through in situ annealing of amorphous films (600 °C – 700 °C). Positron annihilation spectroscopy revealed that nanocrystalline films predominantly contain vacancy-like misfit defects, with concentration decreasing as the preparation temperature increases. Additionally, amorphous films exhibited a high concentration of large vacancy clusters. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed greater oxygen absorption in amorphous films due to their defective structure, with preferential oxidation of Zr and Hf. Further annealing of naturally oxidized films in a vacuum at temperatures up to 1400 °C led to films' recrystallization and eventually the formation of complex oxides, including ZrO2, HfO2, and various Mg-containing oxides, indicating a reaction with the MgO substrate. This work demonstrates the ability to fine-tune the microstructure and defect characteristics of high-entropy alloy films and highlights their direct correlation with oxidation properties.@en

Recently, the all-d-metal Ni(Co)MnTi based Heusler compounds are found to have a giant magnetocaloric effect (GMCE) near room temperature and manifest different functionalities like multicaloric effects, which can be employed for solid-state refrigeration. However, in comparison to other traditional Heusler compounds, the relatively large thermal hysteresis (ΔT_hys) and moderately steep ferromagnetic phase transition provides limitations for real applications. Here, we present that fast solidification (suction casting) can sufficiently tailor the GMCE performance by modifying the microstructure. Compared with the arc-melted sample, the magnetic entropy change of the suction-casted sample shows a 67% improvement from 18.4 to 29.4 Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹ for a field change (∆μ₀H) of 5 T. As the thermal hysteresis has maintained a low ΔT_hys value (5.5 K) for the enhanced first-order phase transition, a very competitive reversible magnetic entropy change of 21.8 Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹ for ∆μ₀H = 5 T is obtained. Combining high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) results, the difference in lattice defect concentration is found to be responsible for the significant improvement in GMCE for the suction-cast sample, which suggests that defect engineering can be applied to control the GMCE. Our study reveals that fast solidification can effectively regulate the magnetocaloric properties of all-d-metal NiCoMnTi Heusler compounds without sacrificing ΔT_hys.

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Epoxy resins have been used as composite matrix materials for over half a century, enabling lightweight materials for a variety of applications. Their properties including high strength, chemical resistance, and ease of processing feature them as prime candidates for composite applications. Currently, high performance epoxy monomers are derived from non-renewable feedstocks, which presents a problem for future generations and technologies regarding sustainability. Many bio-based alternatives have been investigated, but properties fall short of high-performance industry standards due to a lack of appropriate chemical groups. Herein 3 bio-based epoxy monomers, with potential to replace high-performance standards, are compared against 3 petroleum derived industry standards. Industrial high performance aromatic diamine crystalline hardener is used to synthesise resin systems. Tensile, flexural and fracture toughness properties are investigated following ASTM standards. Beyond a practical investigation of the physical properties of these resins a comparison of chemical structure to mechanical properties is made. Free volume investigations using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) were performed, and can be used to explain to some degree the observed properties of the resin systems. @en

Cycling stability of the photochromic effect in rare-earth oxyhydride thin films is of great importance for long-term applications such as smart windows. However, an increasingly slower bleaching rate upon photochromic cycling was found in yttrium oxyhydride thin films; the origin of this memory effect is yet unclear. In this work, the microstructural changes under six photodarkening-bleaching cycles in YHxOy and GdHxOy thin films are investigated by in situ illumination Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy, complemented by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) investigations on YHxOy films before and after one cycle. For the first three cycles, the Doppler broadening S parameter after bleaching increases systematically with photodarkening-bleaching cycle, and correlates with the bleaching time constant extracted from optical transmittance measurements. This suggests that the microstructural evolution that leads to progressively slower bleaching involves vacancy creation and agglomeration. PALS suggests that during a photodarkening-bleaching cycle, divacancies are formed that are possibly composed of illumination-induced hydrogen vacancies and preexisting yttrium monovacancies, and vacancy clusters grow, which might be due to local removal of hydrogen. If bleaching is a diffusion-related process, the formed vacancy defects induced by illumination might affect the diffusion time by reducing the diffusion coefficient. Hydrogen loss could also be a key factor in the reduced bleaching kinetics. Other microstructural origins including domain growth, or formation of OH- hydroxide groups, are also discussed with respect to the slower bleaching kinetics. During the fourth to sixth photodarkening-bleaching cycle, reversible shifts in the Doppler S and W parameters are seen that are consistent with the reversible formation of metallic-like domains, previously proposed as a key factor in the mechanism for the photochromic effect.

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Rare-earth (RE) oxyhydride thin films show a color-neutral, reversible photochromic effect at ambient conditions. The origin of the photochromism is the topic of current investigations. Here, we investigated the lattice defects, electronic structure, and crystal structure of photochromic YHxOy and GdHxOy thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering using positron annihilation techniques and X-ray diffraction, in comparison with Y, YH∼1.9, Y2O3, Gd, GdH∼1.8, and Gd2O3 films. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) reveals the presence of cation monovacancies in the as-deposited Y and YH∼1.9 films at concentrations of ∼10-5 per cation. In addition, vacancy clusters and nanopores are found in the as-prepared YHxOy and Y2O3 films. Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy (DB-PAS) of the Y- A nd Gd-based films reflects the transition from a metallic to an insulating nature of the RE metal, metal hydride, semiconducting oxyhydride and insulating oxide films. In-situ illumination DB-PAS shows the irreversible formation predominantly of di-vacancies, as PALS showed that cation mono-vacancies are already abundantly present in the as-prepared films. The formation of di-vacancies supports conjectures that H-(and/or O2-) ions become mobile upon illumination, as these will leave anion vacancies behind, some of which may subsequently cluster with cation vacancies present. In addition, in RE oxyhydride films, partially reversible shifts in the Doppler parameters are observed that correlate with the photochromic effect and point to the formation of metallic domains in the semiconducting films. Two processes are discussed that may explain the formation of these metallic domains and the changes in optical properties associated with the photochromic effect. The first process considers the reversible formation of metallic nanodomains with reduced O: H composition by transport of light-induced mobile hydrogen and local oxygen displacements. The second process considers metallic nanodomains resulting from the trapping of photoexcited electrons in an eg orbital at the yttrium ions surrounding positively charged hydrogen vacancies that are formed by light-induced removal of hydrogen atoms from octahedral sites. When a sufficiently large concentration, on the order of ∼10%, is reached in a certain domain of the film, band formation of the eg electrons may occur, leading to an Anderson-Mott insulator-metal transition like the case of yttrium trihydride in these domains.

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Here we present Positron Annihilation Doppler Broadening Spectroscopy (PADBS) as a powerful method to analyse the origin and development of defect processes in porous silicon structures as a result of alloying with lithium for the use in battery anode applications. Several prepared anodes were lithiated (discharged against Li⁺/Li) and de-lithiated (charged) with different capacities followed by a distinct treatment procedure and an analysis using the Delft Variable Energy Positron Beam. The results presented here show that we can distinguish two different processes attributed to (1) structural changes in silicon as a result of the alloying process, and (2) the formation of defects that initiate degradation of the material. The limit at which the porous material can be used for at least the first two cycles without the occurrence of damage can thus be accurately determined by using the PADBS technique.

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Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels are potential candidate materials for application as structural components of fission and fusion reactors, known for their high thermal stability, high resistance to creep and to radiation-induced damage. These attractive properties result from the presence of the fine and highly thermally stable yttrium‑oxygen (Y-O) based nanoparticles, which exert a strong Zener pinning force to hinder the grain boundary movement, and are able to pin dislocations and trap radiation induced defects. In the present work, the effect of annealing at 1400 K on the microstructure and oxide nanoparticles in a 0.3% Y₂O₃ ODS Eurofer steel was assessed. The material was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atom Probe Tomography in a reference condition and after annealing at 1400 K, followed by cooling at different rates. The results showed that the average diameter of the oxide nanoparticles increases from 3.7 ± 0.01 nm to 5.3 ± 0.04 nm, after annealing at 1400 K for 1 h. The particles present a well-known core/shell structure, with a core rich in Y, O and V and a shell rich in Cr. The effect of the increase in oxide nanoparticle size on the microstructure is discussed in terms of the Zener pinning force.

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In the present work, an ODS 12 Cr steel was characterized using Electron Microscopy techniques, in an as-received condition and after annealing treatments between 773 K and 1573 K. Results show a complex microstructure, with the presence of fine Y–Ti–O nanoparticles dispersed in the matrix. After annealing at 1573 K, the average diameter of Y–Ti–O nanoparticles increases from ~ 4 to ~ 7 nm and partial recrystallization occurs. The trapping behavior of deuterium in the steel in its as-received state and annealed at 1573 K was investigated. Samples were exposed to low-energy deuterium plasma and analyzed with thermal desorption spectroscopy, after waiting times of 1 day and 25 days. The samples measured 1 day after exposure released a higher total amount of deuterium than the ones measured after 25 days. The effect of waiting time is explained by the release of deuterium, at 300 K, from sites with low activation energy for detrapping, E_d. In the as-received condition, part of the deuterium detrapped at 300 K was re-trapped by high-E_d sites. For the samples in the annealed condition, the redistribution of deuterium from low-E_d to high-E_d sites was not observed, but the total amount of deuterium released was higher.

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In high-efficiency silicon solar cells featuring carrier-selective passivating contacts based on ultrathin SiOx/poly-Si, the appropriate implementation of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers is of vital importance. Considerable deterioration in passivation quality occurs for thin poly-Si-based devices owing to the sputtering damage during TCO deposition. Curing treatment at temperatures above 350 °C can recover such degradation, whereas the opto-electrical properties of the TCO are affected as well, and the carrier transport at the poly-Si/TCO contact is widely reported to degrade severely in such a procedure. Here, we propose straightforward approaches, post-deposition annealing at 400 °C in nitrogen, hydrogen, or air ambience, are proposed to tailor material properties of high-mobility hydrogenated fluorine-doped indium oxide (IFO:H) film. Structural, morphological, and opto-electrical properties of the IFO:H films are investigated as well as their inherent electron scattering and doping mechanisms. Hydrogen annealing treatment proves to be the most promising strategy. The resulting layer exhibits both optimal opto-electrical properties (carrier density = 1.5 × 1020 cm-3, electron mobility = 108 cm2 V-1 s-1, and resistivity = 3.9 × 10-4 ω cm) and remarkably low contact resistivities (∼20 mω cm2 for both n- and p-contacts) in poly-Si solar cells. Even though the presented cells are limited by the metallization step, the obtained IFO:H-base solar cell show an efficiency improvement from 20.1 to 20.6% after specific hydrogen treatment, demonstrating the potential of material manipulation and contact engineering strategy in high-efficiency photovoltaic devices endowed with TCOs.

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Barium di-silicide (BaSi₂) is a very promising absorber material for high-efficiency thin-film solar cells, due to its suitable bandgap, high light absorption coefficient, and long minority-carrier lifetime. In this study, we compare the nanostructure, layer composition, and point defects of BaSi₂ thin films deposited by Radio Frequency (RF) sputtering, Thermal Evaporation (TE), and Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), using Doppler Broadening Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (DB-PAS) depth profiling, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. Our DB-PAS study on thermally annealed RF-sputter deposited and on TE-deposited BaSi₂ layers, in a comparison with high quality BaSi₂ films produced by MBE, points to the presence of vacancy-oxygen complexes and Si or Ba mono-vacancies, respectively, in the (poly)crystalline BaSi₂ films. The degree of near-surface oxidation increases, going from MBE and TE to the industrially applicable RF-sputtered deposition synthesis. The use of a-Si capping layers on the thermally annealed RF-sputtered BaSi₂ films leads to a clear reduction in sub-surface oxidation and improves the quality of the BaSi₂ films, as judged from DB-PAS.

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Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy depth profiles were collected on photochromic YO_xH_y thin films. In situ UV illumination of photochromic semiconductor YO_xH_y films leads to an increase in S-parameter and a large reduction in W-parameter, possibly caused by a change in the charge state of vacancies or the growth of hydrogen-rich metallic Y(O_x)H_y clusters, albeit that vacancy formation or changes in positronium formation during illumination might also play a role. Intriguingly, both the S- and W-parameters increase during thermal bleaching, indicating that another process takes place. The Doppler parameters do not return to their initial values after complete thermal bleaching, suggesting that persistent local rearrangements of vacancies and possibly hydride ions have occurred during the full photodarkening-thermal bleaching cycle. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy shows that a small fraction of positronium is formed in as-deposited YO_xH_y films, indicating that the films contain some nanopores.

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An approach to improve the performance of steels for fusion reactors is to reinforce them with oxide nanoparticles. These can hinder dislocation and grain boundary movement and trap radiation-induced defects, thus increasing creep and radiation damage resistance. The present work investigates the thermal stability of the microstructure and the evolution of defects in a 0.3% Y₂O₃ dispersed Eurofer steel. Samples were annealed for 1 h under vacuum, from 600 K to 1600 K, followed by cooling inside the furnace. Electron Microscopy techniques and Vickers Hardness were used to characterize the microstructure and evaluate its thermal stability. Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy Doppler Broadening (PASDB) was used to monitor the evolution of defects, such as dislocations and vacancies, and their interaction with Y-O based nanoparticles. Several types of events take place simultaneously in the material, due to its initial deformation caused by mechanical alloying, the presence of oxide particles and austenitic phase transformation. Annealing up to 1000 K shows that the Y-O based nanoparticles keep the microstructure refined. Upon cooling from 1200 K (above A_c3), martensite forms with an equiaxed morphology, instead of the conventional lath form, due to the pinning of prior-austenite grain boundaries by the oxide nanoparticles. Annealing at 1400 K and 1600 K results in the progressive coarsening of Y-O based nanoparticles and their loss of ability to pin grain boundaries. PASDB shows that annealing up to 1200 K leads to an overall decrease in defect concentration, mainly due to recovery of dislocations. After annealing at 1400 K and 1600 K, PASDB indicates the formation of a different type of positron trap. The hypothesis is that, at these temperatures, clusters of thermal vacancies are trapped by the oxide nanoparticles, accumulating at their interfaces with the matrix and being retained in the material upon cooling to room temperature.

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A new method is developed to produce mesoporous titania thin films at room temperature using the enzyme papain in a dip-coating procedure, providing low-cost titania films in a sustainable manner. Quartz crystal microbalance, positron annihilation Doppler broadening and lifetime spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction are used to determine the deposition and structural properties of the films. As-deposited films have low densities ρ ≈ 0.6 g cm⁻³, contain small micropores and proteins, and exhibit corrugated surfaces. Annealing at temperatures of 300 °C or higher leads to the destruction and evaporation of most of the organic material, resulting in a thickness decrease of 50–60%, more pure titania films with increased density, an increase in micropore size and a decrease in the concentration and size of atomic-scale vacancies. Up to 50 layers could be stacked, allowing easy control over the total layer thickness. Based on these titania films, first test devices consisting of natural dye-sensitized solar cells are produced, that show photovoltaic activity and indicate possibilities for low-cost, accessible, organic production of solar cells. Given the wide range of other applications for titania, this new method is a promising candidate for improving the fabrication of those products with respect to cost, sustainability, and production speed.

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The degradation of hybrid perovskite films when exposed to ambient air is a major challenge for the development of perovskite-based photovoltaics at large scale. At present, little is known about the environmental degradation of perovskite films associated with the development of structural defects or open volumes (such as atomic vacancies, voids, crystallographic defects and grain boundary defects) in the lattice, and about the depth dependence of the structural degradation. Therefore, in this work, we use Doppler broadening-positron annihilation spectroscopy (DB-PAS) depth-profiling to gain insight into the structural degradation of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI _3-x Cl _x perovskite when exposed to ambient air. In parallel, we investigate the effect of ultrathin (<1 nm) atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al ₂ O ₃ processed directly on top of the perovskite as a means to suppress the degradation process. Specifically, we infer that the perovskite degradation involves changes in open volumes in its crystal lattice. This could be caused by the ingress of H ₂ O molecules into the cation vacancies. In parallel, chemical changes in the perovskite films upon decomposition are observed, accompanied by a decrease in the film thickness as a function of air exposure time. When the perovskite films are decorated with ALD Al ₂ O ₃ , the latter delays the thickness reduction of the perovskite layer during air exposure and also suppresses the changes in its open volumes and chemical transformations. Our findings illustrate that an improved understanding of the perovskite degradation process can be obtained using DB-PAS, especially when combined with other thin film characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

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The atomic-level study of point defect evolution in nuclear graphite is essential for a deep understanding of irradiation-induced property changes. The evolution of helium ion irradiation-induced point defects and helium retention in nuclear graphite ETU-10 and ETU-15 were studied by positron annihilation Doppler broadening (PADB) experiments and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) measurements. The graphite samples were implanted with 10¹⁵, 10^16_, and 10¹⁷ cm⁻² of 200 keV He⁺ at operation temperatures below 373 K. Frenkel pairs were created during ion irradiation and they annihilated during annealing. Three stages of interstitial-monovacancy annihilation are suggested. At low temperatures, the initial annihilation would be refined only to the recombination of intimate metastable Frenkel pairs. When temperature increases, the annihilation would expand to a larger extent that isolate interstitials and vacancies annihilate with each other. In the case of high doses irradiation, vacancy clusters form at elevated temperatures. The retention and release of helium is tightly related to the evolution of the defects, especially the vacancies. The small over-pressured He-V clusters (He_nV) are thought to be the most possible form of helium retention under irradiation.

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Background: The RECOURSE trial showed clinical efficacy for trifluridine/tipiracil for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer patients. We assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of trifluridine/tipiracil in daily clinical practice in The Netherlands. Methods: Medical records of patients from 17 centers treated in the trifluridine/tipiracil compassionate use program were reviewed and checked for RECOURSE eligibility criteria. Baseline characteristics, safety, and survival times were compared, and prespecified baseline characteristics were tested in multivariate analyses for prognostic significance on overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 136 patients with a median age of 62 years were analyzed. Forty-three patients (32%) did not meet the RECOURSE eligibility criteria for not having received all prior standard treatments (n = 35, 26%) and/or ECOG performance status (PS) 2 (n = 12, 9%). The most common grade ≥3 toxicities were neutropenia (n = 44, 32%), leukopenia (n = 8, 6%), anemia (n = 7, 5%), and fatigue (n = 7, 5%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) and median OS were 2.1 (95% CI, 1.8–2.3) and 5.4 months (95% CI, 4.0–6.9), respectively. Patients with ECOG PS 2 had a worse median OS (3.2 months) compared to patients with ECOG PS 0–1 (5.9 months). ECOG PS, KRAS-mutation status, white blood cell count, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: Our data show that treatment with trifluridine/tipiracil in daily clinical practice is feasible and safe. Differences in patient characteristics between our population and the RECOURSE study population should be taken into account in the interpretation of survival data. Our results argue against the use of trifluridine/tipiracil in patients with ECOG PS 2. Funding: Johannes J.M. Kwakman received an unrestricted research grant from Servier.

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The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is the key component in the nuclear power plant, which is considered irreplaceable and can be the life-limiting feature of the operation of nuclear power plant if its mechanical properties degrade sufficiently. High temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) has perfect inherent safety, which is intended to be one of the fourth generation advanced nuclear reactors. However, HTGR has different service temperature with pressurized water reactor (PWR), that the service temperature of HTGR is 250℃ and that of PWR is 290℃. So the irradiation behaviour of RPV in HTGR is expected to be investigated. In this wok, 3 MeV Fe-ion irradiation was performed on Chinese A508-3 reactor pressure vessel steel which is employed by high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and pure Fe under room temperature (about 25℃) and high temperature (250℃). The ion doses were 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 dpa for both room temperature irradiation and high temperature irradiation. SRIM modeling was performed before irradiation experiments to guide the experimental details. Positron annihilation Doppler broadening (PADB) spectroscopy experiments and nano-indentation tests (to study embrittlement behavior) were conducted for characterization. It is found that after both room temperature irradiation and high temperature irradiation, the densities of defects in the reactor pressure vessel steel and pure Fe increase, and the type of defects could be vacancy-type and solute cluster type from PADB results. The vacancy-type defect density under high temperature irradiation is lower than that under room temperature irradiation. That is because high temperature can recover the defects formed during irradiation. The hardness test results show that for both the reactor pressure vessel steel and pure Fe, the irradiation hardening increases with increasing dose. Compared to room temperature irradiation, high temperature irradiation can produce more solute clusters and fewer vacancy-type defects in the reactor pressure vessel steel. So the irradiation hardening of the reactor pressure vessel steel might be caused mainly by the formation of solute clusters.

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Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy DB-PAS) depth profiling demonstrate pronounced growth of vacancy clusters at the grain boundaries of as-deposited Al-doped ZnO films deposited as transparent conductive oxide (TCO) on Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells upon accelerated degradation at 85 ◦C/85% relative humidity. Quantitative fractions of positrons trapped either in the vacancy clusters at the grain boundaries or in Zn monovacancies inside the grains of ZnO:Al were obtained by detailed analysis of the PALS data using a positron trapping model. The time and depth dependence of the positron Doppler depth profiles can be accurately described using a planar diffusion model, with an extracted diffusion coefficient of 35 nm2/hour characteristic for in-diffusion of molecules such as H2O andCO2 into ZnO:Al TCO films via the grain boundaries, where they react with the ZnO:Al. This leads to increased open volume at the grain boundaries that imposes additional transport barriers and may lead to charge carrier trapping and nonradiative recombination. Simultaneously, a pronounced increase in series resistance and a strong reduction in efficiency of the ZnO:Al capped CIGS solar cells is observed on a remarkably similar timescale. This strongly indicates that these atomic-scale processes of molecular in-diffusion and creation of open volume at the grain boundaries play a key role in the degradation of the solar cells. PhySH: Solar Cells, Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy, Grain Boundaries, Vacancies, Thin Films, Diffusion, Electrical Properties, Solid State Chemistry, Optoelectronics@en

In order to characterize the free volume of a homologous series all-aromatic poly(ether imide) (PEI) membranes, two positron annihilation techniques were utilized: positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and Doppler broadening (DB) of annihilation radiation. First, DB, which is a fast and convenient method, indicated differences in free volume of all PEIs investigated, whereas PALS experiments gave more quantitative information, with respect to the size and distribution of the voids. DB results show that S, W pairs for this PEI-series tend to group according to their dianhydride moiety, meaning that, in this series, dianhydrides govern the differences in the S parameter, indicating more free volume with increasing S value. The semicrystalline PEI samples exhibit the lowest S parameter, while the amorphous samples based on 3,3′,4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA) all lie on the higher S side of the S-W plot. With the 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (P1)-based PEI (ODPA-P1) standing out with the highest S parameter. The same could be confirmed and quantified by PALS, where ODPA-P1 is the only membrane in this series with its free volume described by both smaller and larger free-volume elements. The larger voids in ODPA-P1 can be characterized as having a radius (R) of 3.3 Å, which is 5 times larger than the lowest measured free-volume content in this series observed for 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (M1)-based PEI (BPDA-M1), which has voids with a radius of R ≈ 0.7 Å. When comparing results obtained by DB and PALS, a very good correlation is observed between the S parameter (determined by DB) and the free-volume content (quantified by PALS).@en

Eurofer97 is a candidate structural material for nuclear fusion reactors. To better understand the ageing effects due to radiation during long-term use in real fusion conditions, Eurofer97 was neutron irradiated at the High Flux Reactor in The Netherlands. TEM images of post-irradiation Eurofer97 reveal a high density of irradiation-induced dislocation loops, fine precipitates and agglomeration of point defects. Microscopy results are related to post-irradiation tensile mechanical tests done at room temperature and at 300 °C. An increase of yield and ultimate tensile strength combined with a decrease of total elongation is observed in both tests and correlated with the presence of radiation damage.

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