The accelerating impacts of climate change and evolving geopolitical dynamics underscore the urgent need for the Netherlands to transition from fossil fuel dependency towards sustainable, renewable energy sources. Central to this challenge are the nation’s industrial clusters, which not only contribute significantly to CO2 emissions, but are also heavily reliant on fossil-based fuels. Meeting the climate targets outlined in The Klimaatakkoord (Climate Accord), especially the complete elimination of CO2 emissions by 2050, necessitates not only a technological shift, but also a socially inclusive transition that accounts for the workers and communities embedded within these industrial regions.
This project proposes the large-scale implementation of green hydrogen as a key strategy in achieving social goals for the community. Hydrogen produced through electrolysis is presented as a viable alternative feedstock for decarbonizing industrial processes. The vision adopts a multi-scalar approach, combining a national perspective with targeted interventions at the regional clusters. For example, Rotterdam being reimagined as the largest producer of green hydrogen in the Netherlands. Former fossil fuel-dominated zones are re-envisioned as spaces of green experimentation and innovation through the installation of mega-electrolysis plants and the transformation of post-industrial lands into green oases.
Crucially, the project emphasizes an equitable community transition. It introduces a multi-level governance mechanism in the form of a Hydrogen Council, aimed at empowering local communities to participate in the shaping of their post-fossil identities. Additionally, the integration of hydrogen credits is proposed as a tool to incentivize public adoption and normalize hydrogen use in everyday life. These spatial and social strategies are designed to improve environmental conditions, working environments, and the social fabric of transitioning industrial communities.
This approach aims to develop replicable models that can guide similar transitions across the Netherlands. Through the phased implementation of interventions over the next 25 years, the goal is to foster a beneficial relationship between industries and communities: mutualism. In the future, hydrogen is expected to stabilize as the predominant sustainable fuel source, securing its role in the future energy landscape.

Urban villages in China, such as those in Chengdu’s Green Belt, are typical informal settlements inhabited by a large number of migrant workers. These workers maintain short-distance food systems characterized by small-scale agriculture and local food sales, which are crucial for food security. However, under the “grain security” policy, the government has been acquiring fragmented farmland in the Green Belt area for unified management by food companies. Simultaneously, urban village renewal driven by real estate development is demolishing low-rent housing and shops, threatening the livelihoods and homes of migrant workers.

This project conducts a cross-scale study in Chengdu’s Green Belt, Jinniu District, and Anjing urban village, integrating circular development and spatial justice theories into the urban regeneration discussion. The aim is to develop a vision, policy, and strategic framework for circular development in these sites, exploring how transforming city-scale food systems could drive the regeneration of urban villages by recognizing overlooked spaces and labor, thereby enhancing the well-being of marginalized groups.

The project begins with document analysis and mapping, summarizing the landscape characteristics of three types of urban villages and a concentrated farmland area. Subsequently, field surveys and interviews are conducted to collect data on the foodscapes managed by migrant workers. Supported by a literature review, a circular development assessment system is developed to evaluate these foodscapes. This assessment forms a planning vision for the development of a circular food system in the Green Belt, including the material flows of food, food waste, and construction debris. Based on this vision, a strategic framework called “Pattern Language” is proposed, focusing on socio-spatial adaptation, resource looping, ecological regeneration, and spatial justice.

The application logic of this framework is demonstrated through its implementation in the spatial structure planning of Jinniu District and the spatial design of Anjing urban village. Additionally, a simulated stakeholder co-design workshop showcases its potential to negotiate and balance the needs of different stakeholders across various knowledge backgrounds.

Decarbonizing the energy sector to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 poses challenges, especially for regions heavily dependent on fossil fuel extraction. Groningen, a region highly dependent on gas extraction, faces significant socio-economic and spatial challenges. This thesis examines a strategy for Groningen based around the energy transition. The strategy includes repurposing the current energy infrastructure, placing renewables, regenerating nature, and shifting land-use change, all contributing to a new green economy for Groningen. Three scenarios are developed based on a set of different values. These scenarios present alternative futures and highlight areas with spatial competition. Different claims on the same space necessitate choices and smart design solutions. The strategy combines the three scenarios and shows a possible design outcome. An important aspect of the scenarios and strategy is to inform the local communities. Engagement strategies and proposals for more inclusive governance are developed, specifically focusing on marginalized groups, who are often most affected by the transition. This thesis aims to enhance knowledge about the energy transition in the context of Groningen and to promote more inclusive governance.

The Dutch greenhouse industry contributing 19% of the national carbon emissions, highlights its significant role in the ever-increasing environmental, social, and political challenges developing from climate change. Geopolitical tensions including the war in Ukraine and the Covid-19 pandemic, coupled with resource scarcity and a world population growth underscore the urgency of transitioning societal practices within the food-energy nexus. Existing policies such as the European Green Deal emphasize the need to transition toward renewable energy. Given the horticulture sector’s substantial spatial and global exportation footprint, there is potential to strategically utilize these spaces and economic flows. If successful, Dutch greenhouses can be the catalyst for a circular society model that emphasizes environmental regeneration, peri-urban community empowerment, and representative policy.

This report builds from theories including social justice, circular economy, glocalization, and regenerating peri-urban landscapes. By applying a circular society framework, which prioritizes sustainable consumption patterns, co-created policy, and spatial justice, this report develops a regional strategy for connecting and diversifying greenhouse sub-regions. The goals of this strategy include enhancing community engagement, ecological restoration, innovative knowledge-based production, and fully renewably sourced systems. An analysis through the lens of these intended goals leads to an instruction manual for redesigning industrial landscapes and an index of potential building blocks to implement in the redesign.

This instruction manual offers to scientific relevance through a large-scale combination of innovations, and a circular 15-minute social and 30-minute economic system, and societal relevance through lowering political unrest and the combination of technical and social functions. The manual is useful for a diverse range of parties including municipalities, policymakers, scientists, students, and residents.

Ultimately, SowGrowConnect aims for a future where greenhouse regions are not just endless rows of glasshouses but inclusive and diverse energy and social landscapes.

The Netherlands has created a large nitrogen pollution problem in its soils, which is harming biodiversity. By intensifying and industrialized farming, by importing animal feed for dairy production and fertilizer for crop farming, too much nitrogen has accumulated in the soil. Consequently, ecological processes are disturbed due to eutrophication (over-feeding of nutrients), from which only a few species profit, causing other species to lose the competition and cease, with detrimental effects on reliant other species.
This project explores how this intensive/industrial farming can be substituted by more sustainable alternatives in which creating and maintaining biodiversity is key. An alternative system is proposed based on the spatial intergrading between cities and protected natural areas with typologies that focus on balancing food production and biodiversity creation. This alternative system is then detailed concerning the small-scale effects it has, the necessary process of policy creation and the necessary systemic changes as preconditions for a successful execution. The transformation design is developed along a framework of values which are reflecting on current best practices in the discipline of urbanism touching on issues of planetary boundaries, justice and transitional thinking.
Our key takeaways are to keep the city and adjacent areas productive, close to where consumption of goods is high but also where functions like education and food markets can be sensibly integrated. Further from the city and closer to already biodiverse and protected areas of the Nature Network Netherlands (NNN), the gradient leans more towards focussing on the creation of biodiversity. Humans and non-human species can find their thriving space on the gradient, food production is still an integral part as well. By creating a system in which farmers are working together, and are guided to create this balance on their farms and are paid for their efforts and the services they provide to society, they can be encouraged to change their farming practices for the better.

The Netherlands holds the title of the world’s second-largest exporter of agricultural goods, primarily due to Wageningen University’s pioneering research and innovation. However, this success has led to significant challenges. Intensive farming practices have strained resources and disrupted local water and soil cycles, sparking protests from frustrated farmers. Moreover, the quality of fresh water in the Dutch Delta has deteriorated due to pollutants like NO2 and PO4, exacerbated by increasing salinization pressure from the North Sea. This linear system has resulted in waste accumulation and biodiversity loss, endangering both agriculture and natural ecosystems’ sustainability.

To address these challenges, our goal is to integrate nature into existing agricultural practices, thus restoring a balance with local ecosystems. The AgriNature project aims to achieve this by analysing the interplay between agriculture and nature, assessing water and soil management spatially, and fostering a participatory approach with farmers.

The first phase of this transition starts with engaging farmers who are already implementing sustainable methods like agroforestry and saline agriculture, the project establishes Living Labs for co-creation, knowledge sharing, and policy influence. Waterboards and governmental agencies will mediate and provide support, connecting farmers to stakeholders and creating financial incentives. The project also recognizes the necessity of a protein transition towards more plant-based or lab-grown alternatives, aiming to decrease nitrogen pollution and eventually rewild cattle. In the second phase, AgriNature plans to expand innovations to other farmers and establish Agroparks as hubs for innovation and technology. Consumer awareness centres will promote understanding of the protein transition and the need for biodiversity. A nature regeneration centre will oversee rewilding efforts and flood risk management using nature-based solutions. The third phase will future proof these efforts by continuing innovations within the established research and development networks.

Ultimately, AgriNature envisions a symbiotic relationship between agriculture and nature, empowering farmers as stewards of the land and promoting ecologically sensitive practices. Through multidisciplinary collaboration and integration of natural cycles into urban planning and agriculture, the project aims to serve as a global model for sustainability, fostering soil health, water conservation, and biodiversity preservation.

There is an imbalance in the nitrogen cycle, mainly caused by an increasingly intensive agricultural sector. This leads to the degradation of nature and the loss of biodiversity. Measures have been taken at European level to reduce the amount of nitrogen emitted by the agricultural sector, but this has caused a backlash as farmers in many European countries have protested strongly. Many farmers fear for their future and something must be done to safeguard their livelihoods and the quality of Europe's nature.
To address this, we propose a vision for 2150 in which the food system of north-west Europe shifts from intensive agriculture to a regenerative, small-scale and collective farming system. We envision diversified and rotational land use to close nitrogen cycles and thus reduce the burden on the climate, giving the soil space and time to regenerate so that nature can thrive. Food and bio-based materials will be produced locally and seasonally, making food and material consumption more transparent and integrated into the daily lives of communities, transforming peri-urban and rural structures and the way we live in them. This regenerative production system, coupled with new incentives, will provide affordable food for all, while being more circular, organic, sustainable and fit for the future world we envision.
To enable diversified farms, farmers will share facilities, tools and land to enable soil-based crop rotation. This will have an impact not only on the local diet, but also on the food and materials produced. Focusing on local production also means introducing other collective infrastructures that increase local and regional flows. It also means reducing some of our international infrastructure while increasing knowledge flows between countries to empower people in the Global South to process and produce food locally, thus ensuring a more equitable distribution of resources. Finally, at the heart of the strategy is the conservation of nature, which will shape the boundaries of the newly structured peri-urban rural agricultural landscape. The existing boundaries of the built environment will remain, with the emphasis on densifying and transforming our current structures rather than expanding them.
In order to visualise the vision, we selected three pilot projects based on three different typologies and existing infrastructure: Nijkerk (sand, rural, a practical school and a milk processing unit), Utrecht (clay, urban and distribution centres) and Bodegraven (peat, peri-urban and dairy related businesses). These pilot projects show the necessary landscape transformation over time with the introduction of regenerative agriculture, food and material hubs along with food production within city boundaries, working towards a sustainable landscape and local diet.

Currently, the Southwestern Delta is ill. The inability to produce its essential ecosystem services hinders the Delta from being healthy. Systems that make the Delta economy prosper are the main reasons for this obstruction. If current hazards like salinisation, soil depletion, and nitrogen pollution continue; the livelihood of the peri-urban Delta communities will be under threat. In contrast, the direct relation to the Delta makes them a potential stepping stone for change.

The main question: ‘How can local peri-urban communities be the base of the just transition towards a healthy Delta, which restores the production of ecosystem services and improves the climate resilience of the Delta?’ forms the foundation of this research. This research aims to explore the potential of communities as the missing link in the just transition towards a healthy Delta.

By creating a vision and designing its strategy, the Delta area will be able to produce its ecosystem services from 2050 on. The combination of environmental assessments, mapping and spatial analysis, stakeholder engagement, a SWOT matrix, the development of action perspectives through scenario planning, and a policy review provides the base for a vision towards a healthy Delta. This vision is translated into a strategy where a design catalogue, community engagement approach, and a knowledge network bring everything together in the spatialisation of three zoom-in areas: Schouwen-Duivenland, Oesterdijk, and Haringvliet.

Through education and recognition, the awareness of the Delta communities will rise which will motivate them to be part of the urgent transition towards a healthy Delta. Field labs and knowledge centres stimulate cooperation and sharing of knowledge. The ecosystem can be restored through the collaboration of the communities with other stakeholders. The combination of ecosystem-based adaptation, knowledge networks, and the borderless approach creates a regenerative and resilient Delta that serves as an example to other estuaries in the world.

As the housing shortage in the Netherlands increases, students have a harder time finding living spaces. On top of that, there has been an increase in psychological issues and feelings of loneliness among students. This loneliness can be exacerbated by the focus on building large studio apartment complexes without collective spaces. The proposed solution for both these problems is community housing (co-housing). In this paper we are going to research if co-housing can indeed decrease loneliness among students while intensifying the use of space and we will research the willingness of students to share their space. A boardgame was developed to establish TU Delft students’ attitudes towards co-housing, offering insights to inform the design of future housing compositions. The main question in this research was: How can the spatial, social, and emotional preferences of TU Delft students be systematically mapped to inform design decisions related to their loggings? The literature review on co-housing showed that co-housing can reduce the spatial need per individual and provides strong possibilities for social and emotional bonds which could reduce loneliness. Data gathered from the boardgame revealed that the majority (68.4%) of TU Delft students are willing to pursue co-housing principles to achieve a reduction in rent and climate impact. This makes co-housing a potential typology for student housing to intensify the use of space and create a possibility to reduce loneliness.

Taiwanese landscape has dramatically changed since 2018, when the Energy Transition White Paper was published. Due to the land limitation, the Taiwanese government has focused on the multifunctional use of land to create renewable energy and maintain the original activities on the ground at the same time, especially on agricultural lands. However, realistic situations are far from the ideal proposed. Tons of aquacultural and agricultural lands have become fragmented, damaging the landscape and even causing hidden threats: farmers’ work rights losses, food security issues, and ecosystem hazards. The reason for these derivative problems is complicated and cannot be blamed on a single factor. But the key argument in this thesis is because of the lack of integration of spatial and social perspectives in energy transition programs. Therefore, energy justice in this thesis focuses on the discussion of the derivative problems led by the consequence of neglected perspectives in the energy transition. From a spatial perspective, Taiwan currently has three separate spatial planning systems, urban, regional, and national park planning systems. Each of them follows different laws and manages the land use type in its own way. Due to the development-oriented planning, some land use types have more flexibility and looser regulation in terms of construction. And due to this fact, energy developers work with landowners to apply for changes in land use from aquaculture or agriculture to specific land uses to generate the most renewable energy, losing the purpose of multifunctional use and resulting in absurd landscape changes. More specifically, the lack of holistic spatial planning and the integration with the energy transition plan makes responsibility unclear that causing collaboration between sectors more difficult. The systemic deficiency has led to social consequences with the injustice mentioned above that have yet to have specific orders and measures to be addressed, exacerbating the public's untrust of the energy transition. In 2025, a new integrated planning system called National Spatial Planning will be implemented as a holistic spatial planning system. It merges current planning systems and includes the marine spatial area. Thus, this thesis chose Changhua County, an area with high renewable energy development but huge hidden threats in various domains, as the case study area to test how to integrate this new spatial planning system based on purposes of different zoning with energy strategies that include spatial and social aspects. There are three products in this thesis. First, the energyscape template design demonstrates how to prevent hidden threats and create procedural and distributional justice based on the considerations of societal factors that influence people’s acceptance of the energy transition. Second, regional strategies with spatial and social perspectives to examine value creation that rebalances regional development, bringing back identities to uncompetitive areas that are neglected or sacrificed within the energy transition process. Lastly, developing National energy transition advice, operational or strategic, to help create a justice energy transition in Taiwan.

Delta systems, characterized by their dynamic nature and high population densities, are crucial for food and water security. However, they face significant challenges as they are on the forefront of climate change impacts, including sea level rise, river and coastal flooding, and coastal erosion. Among them is the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, where rice-dependent agricultural production systems and methods are increasingly unable to adapt to the new environment created by climate change. There is therefore an urgent need for climate-resilient agricultural transformation and the accompanying social engagement and cross-border cooperation, taking into account and adapting to local cultures and contexts. The Mekong Delta, spanning nearly 50,000 km2, is a region predominantly composed of fertile alluvial and marine sediments, stretching from Phnom Penh in southeastern Cambodia to southern Vietnam and encompassing the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. Within Vietnam, approximately 39,000 km2 or 78% of the total area is covered by the delta. This graduation project will focus on its main area of rice production, namely the upper delta in the north.

This graduation project, under the Planning Complex Cities studio, will address the development of spatial planning and strategies that include political, cultural, and social contexts of the site, sustainable agricultural rice production adapted to climate change, and pilot spatial design for selected case areas.

North Anhui 6 cities locate at the periphery of Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in the eastern part of China. Even though YRD are the country’s most developed region, north Anhui are the most underdeveloped area according to Human Development Index in the region with only 1/5 of the core area’s GDP per capita. Large population outflow and high take-up of primary industry are two key features of the area. All 6 cities are secondary cities (non-capital prefecture-city), with similar GDP total amount and different development momentum. The 6 cities’ geographical location also lays in the middle ground of two urban agglomeration, Xuzhou urban agglomeration and Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Area, giving them opportunities to exploit the development opportunities offered by both.

Currently, the Yangtze River Delta is facing the urgency to transit its current industrial landscape into a carbon-neutral circular economy. A new industrial value chain is about to be implemented throughout the region which can be a chance for the north Anhui area.

The project thus raises the research question: how and to what extend can circular transition help develop peripheral area. By combining Stan Allen’s infrastructural urbanism and Jo Williams’ three pillars of circular development, the project proposes the concept of place-based circular transition which guide the strategy setting towards agro-industrial synergy, regenerative agriculture and distributive justice through designing hard, soft and organizational infrastructures. The project is thus not only a proposition of new way of looking at region development equality, but also discusses a missing yet important spatial aspect of circular transition.

The global water crisis could 'spiral out of control' due to overconsumption, pollution, and climate change. Building resilient freshwater systems is one of the most significant challenges in the face of climate change.
The Rhine River basin is home to over 60 million people. It's a center for trade, industry, and food production. However, the region's complex ecosystem is currently under threat from direct and indirect consequences of human activity. The ecosystems and habitats are disappearing, and pollution is still present in the water due to untreated sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff. The growing population and increasing industrial demand for water use are putting a significant strain on the freshwater flow and supply, while droughts and floods further exacerbate the issue. This has resulted in the depletion of the quality of freshwater, creating further environmental risks..
The goal is to create an integrative and resilient Rhine River basin, with a special focus on the South Holland delta, which enhances the well-being of citizens, improves biodiversity, and ensures climate justice through the preservation of freshwater.
To achieve this, our vision for the Fresh Rhine employs a range of theories and methods such as resilience, sustainability, and nature-based solutions. They are applied in four critical locations: Lake Constance as the main water reservoir of the system; the area around the city of Kaub, a "blocked artery" of the river, especially sensitive to droughts; the Ruhr area, the main industrial center and pollutor of the region; and finally - the South Holland delta, where all these different conditions come together and meet the sea, another big threat to freshwater. The strategy focuses on renaturing the shorelines, reintroducing wetlands, and creating networks of wetland biotopes, as well as employing innovative ways of water reuse in agriculture, industries, and cities.
This will require collaboration between stakeholders, including government, private companies, civil society groups, and local communities. Ultimately, the project envisions a future where the Rhine River basin and the delta are leaders in sustainable water management, and a model for other regions facing similar challenges.
The implications of our strategy can extend beyond just the Rhine River basin. We aim to provide a more integrative approach to regional strategies for freshwater management in rivers that span across borders. The outcome of this project can be built upon for other regions facing similar challenges and provide a roadmap for creating resilient freshwater systems.

A transition is needed within the current agricultural sector. The intensive food production emits a significant amount of greenhouse gases, but also generates a nitrogen surplus. Consequently, biodiversity and soil quality have been decreasing dramatically in recent decades. One way of achieving a more sustainable food system is through regenerative agriculture, which is a nature-based practice where ecosystem services and soil health are central. This research aims to understand how the decentralisation of farming practices can aid a transition to regenerative agriculture in a socially just way. Through research by design, the concepts of decentralisation, regenerative agriculture and social justice were studied separately and layered on the project areas of different scales: Northwest Europe, South-Holland (NL) and Biesbosch National Park. The objective of this research is to develop a vision and strategy for these areas to achieve a socially just transition to regenerative agricultural practices. Based on literature, we propose a set of regenerative agriculture land-use typologies for Northwest Europe (i.e. nature buffer, food-forest, polyculture crop, polyculture crop-livestock mix, urban food parks). Next, we show how we can transition to these new land-uses, employing methods of spatial and systemic (administrative, fiscal, economic) decentralisation. Each transition is qualitatively assessed by its implications for social justice in local communities and its potential to improve soil quality of the region. On a local scale, for the Biesbosch area in the province of South-Holland, a strategy is proposed that is based on our vision for Northwest Europe. Through local strategic interventions and the empowerment of existing initiatives and cooperatives, we show that the proposed land-use patterns and decentralised food chain can mitigate biodiversity loss and foster local agri-food networks that provide food security in a sustainable way.

The energy industry is responsible for almost 89% of GHG emissions (IEA, 2022), and projected CO2 emissions would exceed the 1.5°C goal (IPCC,2023). There is no question that we need to transition towards renewable energy sources, it has become an urgency and we need to transition now.

However, there are several challenges within this energy transition. Renewable energy sources require better spatial planning in terms of land-use. Its production and the stability of energy systems require reliable and resilient geopolitical relationships. It is also a challenge to ensure affordability and accessibility of renewable energy, as well as the acceptance of the transition towards renewables. We have to tackle all these challenges while involving nature as an actor.

We aim to achieve a just and resilient energy transition by 2050. This means creating secured geopolitical relationships, ensuring affordable, accessible and fair distributed energy and regenerating ecology in the process. These goals are divided into three main pillars: Geopolitics, Social aspects and Ecology. With circular economy as one of our theoretic frameworks combined with our pillars, we create a conceptual framework. In this report we made use of other theoretic frameworks like resilience, spatial and social justice, the pattern language and panarchy theory.

Spatial analysis and literature research have concluded in several strategies to ensure a just and resilient energy transition. We zoomed into the region of and between Rotterdam and Ruhr-area. On this scale we determined areas of specialised and generalised production; inter-connection of energy production landscape and expanded protected nature areas; mixed land-use of energy production, agriculture, the urban fabric and natural areas. On a local scale we explained two different systems of rural decentralised energy systems with a bottom-up approach.

The ‘Power of justice’ aims for a future that is resilient and just because of strong geopolitical relationships and an improved energy grid. We not only consider present life but also the future of human and non-human generations.

The current food production and distribution system has led to extensive degradation on both the global and local scale, requiring a transformation of the vast, urbanized rural - beyond just climate-change mitigation but radical regeneration.
The ongoing intensive agricultural practices have contaminated air, soil, and water, while their market- driven character disallows the emergence of locality and circularity, exploiting workers and small-scale farmers, and disrupting the social welfare of the countryside. This system is analysed through the lenses of ecology, economy, and society, highlighting the problematic character of the Lowlands of North-West Europe, due to the immense sprawl of degenerative agriculture practices, as well as the small and fragmented network of ecosystem-valuable spaces.
Following the most urgent climate-change scenario from the IPCC report, we will attempt the transition from a degenerative system towards a regenerative one, based on the pillars of ecosystem restoration, ensuring food security through sustainable means, and the shift towards regenerative agriculture practices. Concerns about spatial justice permeate all pillars horizontally, to ensure the socio- spatial regeneration of the countryside.
To transition towards our vision, the strategy is approached through a series of interconnected key projects. The formation of a pan-European network of tree nurseries ensures the necessary capital of seedlings for reforestation and agroforestry practices, while a trans-border policy zone can integrate conservation and agriculture, enhancing the connectivity between ecosystems. The greenhouse zone of Westland is experimented upon, aiming towards the development of a replicable model of sustainably intensive food production model. These strategic interventions are underlined by a policy framework, stressing the liveability of the Lowlands for all rural dwellers, farmers, and workers, through access to services, education, and housing. Through this experimentation we hope to have highlighted that the examination of the countryside needs to be intrinsically tied to any effort of envisioning a future of climate- change mitigation and socio-ecological regeneration.

Zakopane experiences mass tourism, which supports economic growth but also reduces the quality of life in the city. This is mainly due to the developed car dependency, the lack of coordination between spatial development and infrastructure, and the systemic promotion of private property at the expense of the public good, which is a phenomenon characteristic of post-communist countries.

Zakopane needs a transformation of the mobility system in terms of reducing the presence of cars in public spaces in the city while developing a mobility system that includes the spatial specificity of the various urban fabrics in the city (Newman & Kenworthy, 2015). Only by changing the transport system the liveability of public space can be regained.
Given the housing shortage in the city, the development of sustainable mobility also requires a sustainable development perspective.

The strategy of spatial transformation towards sustainable mobility and development must be adapted to neoliberal administrative conditions with limited public budgets and weak bargaining power.

Thanks to the method of research through design as “strongly contextualised research that participates in society” (Nowotny et al. 2010) , with the active participation of the stakeholders, a mobility system transformation strategy was developed based on the perspective of regional cooperation of local tourist municipalities, motivated by a special program of integrated territorial investments. Strategic actions in the long term, including the improvement of spatial quality, have to take into account other partnerships to achieve the goals: cooperation with the private sector.

Strategic actions for improving the quality of public space require both new regulations for its formation and a decision-making system enabling the cooperation of various actors, which have been developed through the simulation of the pilot project.

Thanks to this approach, the strategies for shaping the urban space, its regulations, and the way of implementation have been explored - together with the demonstration of how the needed transformations could look like in reality.

A transferable and replicable architectural mode in the context of Trieste, based on the site of Ex Fiera of Trieste, helps to recreate the local urban memory.

Flooding is one of the most destructive climate disasters. Since the 21st century, the United States, Thailand, China, and many other countries have been hit by flash floods, which not only exposed the vulnerability of the urban system expansively but also serves as an opportunity to promote resilient city construction. The research begins by reviewing the major policy and project progress in the field of flood mitigation. It turns out that most countries rely heavily on engineering facilities for flood control to hold back floods, ignoring the uncertainty caused by climate change and urban expansion, which is not a long-term effective solution to the flooding problem.
Given the literature review of flood resilience, the result shows that it remains largely unpracticed in contemporary urban planning and design, mainly manifested in the insufficient participation of spatial planning science in flood risk management. Based on Dutch policy systems and planning approaches, the project will evaluate existing flood risk management frameworks, develop mechanisms for stakeholder engagement, explore the most efficient flood adaptation strategies, and provide guidance on how to establish urban flood resilience using design tools and planning approaches. Finally, areas along the Meuse and inland will face climate change with greater confidence.