In this study, with the motivation of elucidating the effect of H₂S and HCl on solid oxide fuel cell anodes, nickel and ceria pattern anodes are prepared on yttrium-stabilized zirconia electrolyte, and the effect of H₂S and HCl on their performance is tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. However, it has been found that while H₂S adversely impacts both nickel and ceria, the poisoning caused is reversible for nickel and only partially reversible for ceria. Poisoning kinetics are similar and fast for both materials, while recovery kinetics are slower for ceria than nickel. High sulfur coverage is the rate-limiting factor inferred from the elementary kinetic modeling. Unlike H₂S, the presence of HCl appeared to be favorable for electrochemical oxidation as the polarization resistance of both pattern electrode cells decreased upon feeding HCl contaminated hydrogen gas. Similar behavior has not been reported previously, and the conclusion regarding underlying mechanisms requires further investigation.

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Using the Nernst-Planck-Poisson model and a detailed reaction mechanism, we studied the hydrogen electrochemical oxidation on a ceria anode. Resistances caused by surface kinetics, and bulk transport of oxide-ion vacancies and electrons are computed individually to identify the dominant resistive process. The effect of operating conditions like temperature and gas-phase composition on the polarization resistance is evaluated and compared with the experimental data obtained by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The rate-determining step is found to be the charge-transfer reaction in which hydrogen adsorbs at the surface oxide ions and forms hydroxyls along with the charge-transfer to adjacent cerium ions. Based on the rate-determining step, the exchange-current density is also calculated and validated with the experimental data.@en

Three types of composite electrode materials, i.e. carbon nanotubes-epoxy (CNT), zeolite-carbon nanotubes-epoxy (ZCNT) and TiO₂-modified zeolite-carbon nanotubes-epoxy (TiZCNT), were synthesized, morphologically and electrically characterized, and tested in the photoelectrodegradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from water. The electrode composite materials were synthesized by the two-roll mill method, and a higher porosity of zeolite-modified electrode, caused by the zeolite incorporation, was noticed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Electroactive surface area, determined by classical methods using cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electric conductivity, determined by the four-point method, were negatively affected by the presence of zeolite. The photoelectrochemical behaviour of the electrodes, under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, towards the pentachlorophenol oxidation was studied, and the photoelectrocatalytic activity of each electrode was determined. The PCP oxidation occurred in two steps at +0.65 V and +0.94 V vs. saturated calomel electrode SCE under UV irradiation. The oxidation peak recorded at +0.65 V vs. SCE appeared only under UV irradiation and it is considered that the photoelectrooxidation peak corresponded to PCP photoelectrooxidation. Also, the enhancement of PCP electrooxidation at +0.94 V vs. SCE was noticed under UV irradiation, which confirmed the photelectrocatalytic activity. The performance of the PCP degradation process, expressed as degradation efficiency and electrochemical efficiency, recommended the operation of photoelectrocatalysis at a bias voltage application of +0.8 V/SCE, while the mineralization degree recommended a bias voltage value of +1.5 V/SCE.

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Ammonium and nitrite are listed by Water Framework Directive as core parameters that should be monitored for the groundwater as drinking water source. This work describes the sensitive protocols for the simultaneous detection of ammonium and nitrite in water at a new silver-electrodecorated carbon nanotubes-epoxy composite electrode (Ag-CNT) using advanced voltammetric technique. A carbon nanotubes-epoxy composite electrode obtained by two-roll mill procedure was decorated electrochemically with silver nanoparticles. This new electrode displays excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the direct oxidation of ammonium and nitrite at well separated less potential values (+0.15 V/SCE for ammonium and +0.7 V/SCE for nitrite). Very good detection sensitivities (0.613 mA mM⁻¹ for ammonium and 0.980 mA mM⁻¹ for nitrite) and the lowest limits of detection (1 μM for ammonium and 0.7 μM for nitrite) were achieved by differential-pulsed voltammetry (DPV) under optimum operating conditions of 0.05 V step potential, 0.2 V modulation amplitude and the scan rate of 0.05 V s⁻¹. This detection protocol was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of ammonium and nitrite in groundwater samples, and the results were found to be consistent with the values obtained by the standardized spectrophotometry methods.

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The electrochemical methods-based protocol for simultaneous detection of tetracycline (TC) from antibiotics class and fluoxetine (FXT) from anti-depressive pharmaceuticals class, which belongs to emerging pollutants from water, was developed in this study using carbon nanofiber-epoxy composite electrode (CNF). The electrochemical behaviour of each pharmaceutical on CNF was considered the basis for simultaneous detection of both pharmaceuticals from water. TC electrooxidation on CNF occurred in two steps and, consequently, two detection potentials are considered. FXT electrooxidation occurred in one step that is overlaid to the first step of TC detection, this step being considered as cumulative for both pharmaceuticals. Each electrochemical method of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential-pulsed voltammetry (DPV) allowed detecting cumulative presence of TC and FXT at the detection potential ranged between 0.65 and 0.815 V vs. SCE and the selective detection of TC at the detection potential ranged between 0.956 and 1.14 V vs. SCE. The electroanalytical parameters related to the lowest limit of detection and sensitivity recommended this electrode to exhibit the potential for practical applications in the electrochemical detection of certain pharmaceuticals as emerging pollutants from water.

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Monitoring of pesticide residues in food, beverages, and the environment requires fast, versatile, and sensitive analyzing methods. Direct electrochemical detection of pesticides could represent an efficient solution. Adequate electrode material, electrochemical technique, and optimal operation parameters define the detection method for practical application. In this study, cyclic voltammetric and differential pulse voltammetric techniques were used in order to individually and simultaneously detect two pesticides, i.e., carbaryl (CR) and paraquat (PQ), from an acetate buffer solution and also from natural apple juice. A graphene-modified boron-doped diamond electrode, denoted BDDGR, was obtained and successfully applied in the simultaneous detection of CR and PQ pesticides, using the differential pulse voltammetric technique with remarkable electroanalytical parameters in terms of sensitivity: 33.27 μA μM−1 cm−2 for CR and 31.83 μA μM−1 cm−2 for PQ. These outstanding results obtained in the acetate buffer supporting electrolyte allowed us to simultaneously detect the targeted pesticides in natural apple juice.@en

Pharmaceuticals contaminants in waters exhibit a significant threat on the human health and the ecosystem quality. This research demonstrates the utility of a silver-doped zeolite-modified carbon nanofiber-epoxy (AgZ-CNF) prepared by two-roll mill method in development of the fast methodology for the detection of fluoxetine (FXT) in the aqueous solution. The results showed the role of zeolite that improved the sensitivity and the limit of detection of FXT resulted to the possibility to propose a specific preconcentration-based detection protocol. The silver contributed to decreasing the anodic over potential for FXT oxidation and hence, for FXT detection. The best sensitivity of 2.007 μA μM-1 and lowest limit of detection of 19 nM are were obtained for preconcentration-cyclic voltammetry based scheme, which is very promising for the detection of FXT at trace levels. Also, the chronoamperometry operated at 0.350 V/SCE specific to silver involving and +1.1V/SCE characteristics to the carbon nanofiber, allowed FXT detection in the aqueous solution. The long life time and the stable response for FXT detection was found for AgZ-CNF composite electrode, which suggests its practical utility in FXT determination in the real water sources.

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In this study, the detection protocols for the individual, selective, and simultaneous determination of ibuprofen (IBP) and diclofenac (DCF) in aqueous solutions have been developed using HKUST-1 metal-organic framework-carbon nanofiber composite (HKUST-CNF) electrode. The morphological and electrical characterization of modified composite electrode prepared by film casting was studied by scanning electronic microscopy and four-point-probe methods. The electrochemical characterization of the electrode by cyclic voltammetry (CV) was considered the reference basis for the optimization of the operating conditions for chronoamperometry (CA) and multiple-pulsed amperometry (MPA). This electrode exhibited the possibility to selectively detect IBP and DCF by simple switching the detection potential using CA. However, the MPA operated under optimum working conditions of four potential levels selected based on CV shape in relation to the potential value, pulse time, and potential level number, and order allowed the selective/simultaneous detection of IBP and DCF characterized by the enhanced detection performance. For this application, the HKUST-CNF electrode exhibited a good stability and reproducibility of the results was achieved.

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