With the increasing transition to battery electric vehicles (EVs) and concerns about the capacity of the existing electrical infrastructure, the need for effective grid capacity management has become apparent. The V2X innovation, also known as bidirectional charging, has potential to enable EVs to interact with the electricity grid for various purposes, contributing to a sustainable and reliable transport and energy system. There are a variety of drivers and barriers to this innovation. The conducted literature review has highlighted a significant
issue regarding the drivers and barriers of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology. While various drivers and barriers have been identified, there is inconsistency in their level of aggregation, even within the same articles.

Furthermore, most of the literature takes a generic view of the V2X system, with only a few articles focusing on specific national contexts. In particular, there is a complete lack of scientific literature that specifically investigates the performance of V2X in the Dutch context. Also, very few studies consider the impact of configuration decisions on the drivers and barriers of the system. This research gap is critical to address and fill, as it provides essential insights into the effects of configuration decisions on the performance and innovation potential of a bidirectional charging system. Understanding these effects will enable a more targeted use of resources and facilitate the practical implementation of V2X systems. This thesis aims to explore different V2X system designs in a socio-technical context, analyse their socio-economic performance and innovation potential, and provide valuable insights for the successful implementation and adoption of V2X technologies in the Netherlands.

This study examines the relative importance of contract attributes in the context of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) contracts by means of a choice experiment. The experiment was conducted with 67 Dutch car drivers, including both EV drivers and non-EV drivers. They were asked to choose between two V2G contracts with different contract attributes and an option “no V2G contract”. The contract attributes had varying levels of remuneration, guaranteed minimum driving range, and required plug-in time during weekdays and weekends. The data collected was analyzed using a Multinomial Logit model (MNL) to estimate the utility function of the V2G contracts and to identify the most important attributes for the respondents. Besides, an estimation could be made on the preference of a V2G contract over no contract at all. The results showed that, surprisingly, the attribute remuneration had a relatively low importance coefficient and did not have a significant impact on the perceived utility of the respondents. On the other hand, it could be proved that consumers perceive different utility during weekdays and weekends, preferring more flexibility in the weekends. Guaranteed minimum driving range resulted to be the most important contract attribute. The results show that there is a relatively high willingness to participate in V2G contract both among EV-drivers as potential future EV-drivers. The results can be used for policymakers and aggregator companies to design more effectively V2G contracts and to promote the adoption of EVs in a more sustainable way enhancing the energy transition. According to this study the V2G system results to be profitable for the aggregator for various scenarios and really promising. Some application possibilities are suggested in this research, and from them could be concluded that there can be achieved satisfaction for all stakeholders involved.