With the increasing transition to battery electric vehicles (EVs) and concerns about the capacity of the existing electrical infrastructure, the need for effective grid capacity management has become apparent. The V2X innovation, also known as bidirectional charging, has potential to enable EVs to interact with the electricity grid for various purposes, contributing to a sustainable and reliable transport and energy system. There are a variety of drivers and barriers to this innovation. The conducted literature review has highlighted a significant
issue regarding the drivers and barriers of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology. While various drivers and barriers have been identified, there is inconsistency in their level of aggregation, even within the same articles.

Furthermore, most of the literature takes a generic view of the V2X system, with only a few articles focusing on specific national contexts. In particular, there is a complete lack of scientific literature that specifically investigates the performance of V2X in the Dutch context. Also, very few studies consider the impact of configuration decisions on the drivers and barriers of the system. This research gap is critical to address and fill, as it provides essential insights into the effects of configuration decisions on the performance and innovation potential of a bidirectional charging system. Understanding these effects will enable a more targeted use of resources and facilitate the practical implementation of V2X systems. This thesis aims to explore different V2X system designs in a socio-technical context, analyse their socio-economic performance and innovation potential, and provide valuable insights for the successful implementation and adoption of V2X technologies in the Netherlands.