Na.tro.no.ar.chae.a.ce’ae. N.L. neut. n. Natronoarchaeum, the type genus of the family; L. fem. pl. n. suff. -aceae, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Natronoarchaeaceae, the family of the genus Natronoarchaeum.
The family Natronoarchaeaceae is a member of the order Halobacteriales, class Halobacteria, and is formed on the basis of phylogenomic analyses. It includes extremely halophilic and either aerobic or facultatively anaerobic archaea with variable key functionality, such as anaerobic sulfur respiration and potential to utilize various polysaccharides as growth substrates. The family currently contains four genera: the type genus Natronoarchaeum and the genera Salinarchaeum, Halostella, and Natranaeroarchaeum from various hypersaline
habitats.
DNA G+C content (mol%): 60.8–68.2 (whole genome sequences).
Type genus: Natronoarchaeum Shimane et al. 2010VP emend. Qui et al. 2014.@en

Nitrate leaching from agricultural soils is increasingly found in groundwater, a primary source of drinking water worldwide. This nitrate influx can potentially stimulate the biological oxidation of iron in anoxic groundwater reservoirs. Nitrate-dependent iron-oxidizing (NDFO) bacteria have been extensively studied in laboratory settings, yet their ecophysiology in natural environments remains largely unknown. To this end, we established a pilot-scale filter on nitrate-rich groundwater to elucidate the structure and metabolism of nitrate-reducing iron-oxidizing microbiomes under oligotrophic conditions mimicking natural groundwaters. The enriched community stoichiometrically removed iron and nitrate consistently with the NDFO metabolism. Genome-resolved metagenomics revealed the underlying metabolic network between the dominant iron-dependent denitrifying autotrophs and the less abundant organoheterotrophs. The most abundant genome belonged to a new Candidate order, named Siderophiliales. This new species, “Candidatus Siderophilus nitratireducens,” carries genes central genes to iron oxidation (cytochrome c cyc2), carbon fixation (rbc), and for the sole periplasmic nitrate reductase (nap). Using thermodynamics, we demonstrate that iron oxidation coupled to nap based dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to nitrite is energetically favorable under realistic Fe3+/Fe2+ and NO3−/NO2− concentration ratios. Ultimately, by bridging the gap between laboratory investigations and nitrate real-world conditions, this study provides insights into the intricate interplay between nitrate and iron in groundwater ecosystems, and expands our understanding of NDFOs taxonomic diversity and ecological role.@en

The genus Natronospira is represented by a single species of extremely salt-tolerant aerobic alkaliphilic proteolytic bacterium, isolated from hypersaline soda lakes. When cells of Gram-positive cocci were used as a substrate instead of proteins at extremely haloalkaline conditions, two new members of this genus were enriched and isolated in pure culture from the same sites. Strains AB-CW1 and AB-CW4 are obligate aerobic heterotrophic proteolytic bacteria able to feed on both live and dead cells of staphylococci and a range of proteins and peptides. Similar to the type species, N. proteinivora, the isolates are extremely salt-tolerant obligate alkaliphiles. However, N. proteinivora was unable to use bacterial cells as a substrate. Electron microscopy showed direct contact between the prey and predator cells. Functional analysis of the AB-CW1 and AB-CW4 genomes identified two sets of genes coding for extracellular enzymes potentially involved in the predation and proteolysis, respectively. The first set includes several copies of lysozyme-like GH23 peptidoglycan-lyase and murein-specific M23 [Zn]-di-peptidase enabling the cell wall degradation. The second set features multiple copies of secreted serine and metallopeptidases apparently allowing for the strong proteolytic phenotype. Phylogenomic analysis placed the isolates into the genus Natronospira as two novel species members, and furthermore indicated that this genus forms a deep-branching lineage of a new family (Natronospiraceae) and order (Natronospirales) within the class Gammaproteobacteria. On the basis of distinct phenotypic and genomic properties, strain AB-CW1T (JCM 335396 = UQM 41579) is proposed to be classified as Natronospira elongata sp. nov., and AB-CW4T (JCM 335397 = UQM 41580) as Natronospira bacteriovora sp. nov.@en

Soda lakes are unique double-extreme habitats characterized by high salinity and soluble carbonate alkalinity, yet harboring rich prokaryotic life. Despite intensive microbiology studies, little is known about the identity of the soda lake hydrolytic bacteria responsible for the primary degradation of the biomass organic matter, in particular cellulose. In this study, aerobic and anaerobic enrichment cultures with three forms of native insoluble cellulose inoculated with sediments from five soda lakes in south-western Siberia resulted in the isolation of four cellulotrophic haloalkaliphilic bacteria and their four saccharolytic satellites. The final aerobic enrichment included a cellulotrophic bacteroidetes (strain ABcell3) related to Sporocytophaga accompanied by a hemicellulolytic Marinimicrobium strain ABcell2.
The anaerobic enrichments resolved in three primary cellulotrophic bacteria and their three saccharolytic bacteroidetes satellites. The culture selected on amorphous cellulose (ac) included a new cellulotrophic member of the Chitinispirillaceae (Fibrobacterota)—strain ANBcel5, and two different saccharolytic satellites from the Marinilabiliales and Balneolales orders. The final enrichment selected on Sigma 101 cellulose consisted of an endospore-forming cellulotrophic strain ANBcel31 belonging to the genus Herbivorax (Acetivibrionales) and its saccharolytic satellite from the Balneolales order. The anaerobic enrichment on a filter paper yielded a binary consortium with the cellulotrophic endospore-forming Halanaerobiales strain ANBcel28 in obligate syntrophy with a cellobiose-utilizing Natronincola. A functional genome analysis of the cellulotrophic isolates confirmed the presence of a large repertoire of genes encoding excreted cellulases, mostly from the GH9 and GH5 families, and indicated that in the endospore-forming anaerobic strains, ANBcel28 and ANBcel31 most of their endo-glucanases are assembled in cellulosomes. Overall, this study showed that cellulose can be mineralized in soda lakes at moderately saline and highly alkaline conditions either by aerobic or fermentative haloalkaliphilic bacteria.@en

Cy.clo.na.tro’num. Gr. masc. n. kyklos, a circle; N.L.neut. n. natron, soda; N.L. neut. n. Cyclonatronum,circle-shaped and soda-loving.
The genus Cyclonatronum is a member of theclass Rhodothermia of the phylum Bacteroidota. Itincludes obligately aerobic organoheterotrophs that mostly utilize proteins and peptides, and possess an active sodium-pumping proteorhodopsin. The genus currently includes a single species, Cyclonatronum proteinivorum, which is represented by a mesophilic, moderately salt-tolerant, chloride-independent, and obligate alkaliphile found in saline soda lakes in Central Asia.
DNA G +C content (mol%): 51.5 (genome sequence).
Type species: Cyclonatronum proteinivorum Zhilina et al. 2023, VL211.@en

The family Desulfurivibrionaceae includes obligately anaerobic, moderately salt-tolerant, obligately alkaliphilic chemolithoautotrophic bacteria with a unique energy metabolism consisting of elemental sulfur disproportionation. H₂ or formate can also serve as additional electron donors for sulfur reduction, while nitrate can be ammonified with either sulfide or formate as the electron donors. The cultured representatives are found exclusively in saline soda lakes. The family consists of a single genus Desulfurivibrio with the type species D. alkaliphilus and a second yet undescribed species “D. dismutans” DNA G+C content (%): 60.0-60.3 (whole genome sequences)
Type genus : Desulfurivibrio Sorokin et al. 2008, VL123

@en

Natr.an.aer.o.vir.ga’ce.ae N.L. fem. n. Natranaerovirga, the type genus of the family, -aceae ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Natranaerovirgaceae, the Natranaerovirga family. The family Natranaerovirgaceae includes obligately
anaerobic fermentative bacteria from soda lakes. They are highly salt-tolerant alkaliphiles utilizing carbohydrates as energy and carbon source. The family belongs to the order “Lachnospirales,” class Clostridia, and consists of a single genus Natranaerovirga. The family-level status was established by phylogenomic
analysis based on the Genome Taxonomy Database classification (GDTB).
DNA G +C content (mol%): 31.3–32.3 (whole-genome sequence).
Type genus: Natranaerovirga Sorokin et al. 2012,  VL145.
@en

Cy.clo.na.tron.a’ce.ae N.L. neut. n. Cyclonatronum, type genus of the family; L. fem. pl. n. suff. -aceae, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Cyclonatronaceae, the Cyclonatronum family.
The family Cyclonatronaceae is amember of the order Balneolales, class Rhodothermia, and phylum Bacteroidota. It includes heterotrophic bacteria with either aerobic or fermentative metabolism that utilize peptides or sugars as growth substrates. The known members of the family are mesophilic, moderately salt-tolerant, chloride-independent, and obligate alkaliphiles found in saline soda lakes in Central Asia. The family currently includes two genera, the type genus Cyclonatronum and the genus Natronogracilivirga, both represented by a single species.
DNA G+C content (mol%): 49.7–51.5 (whole genome sequences).
Type genus: Cyclonatronum Zhilina et al. 2023, VL211.
@en

Natr.an.aer.o.ar.chae’um N.L. neut. n. natron, soda; from Arabic n. natrun, soda, sodium carbonate; Gr. pref. an-, not (here: inseparable prefix); Gr. masc. n. aêr air; Gr. masc. adj. archaîos, ancient; N.L. neut. n. Natranaeroarchaeum, anaerobic natronophilic
archaeon. The genus Natranaeroarchaeum is classified as a member of the family Natronoarchaeaceae, order Halobacteriales, and class Halobacteria, according to phylogenomic analyses. It includes extremely halophilic and facultatively aerobic, obligately alkaliphilic, and saccharolytic archaea, capable of anaerobic sulfur respiration with sugars and starch as carbon and energy sources. The genus currently includes two species, the type species Natranaeroarchaeum sulfidigenes and Natranaeroarchaeum aerophilum, originating from hypersaline soda lakes. The DNA G+C content is 60.8–61.0 (whole-genome sequences). The genus three-letter abbreviation is Naa.
DNA G +C content (%): 60.8–61.0 (whole-genome sequences of type strains).
Type species: Natranaeroarchaeum sulfidigenes Sorokin et al. 2022a, VL211.
..................................................................................@en

The author regrets that there were errors in the JCM collection numbers in the Abstract and the protologue Table 3 of the paper by Sorokin et al. (Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 2024, 47, 126519). The correct JCM collection numbers should be: JCM 35396 and JCM 35397 instead of JCM 335396 and JCM 335397.@en

Two strains of neutrophilic haloaloarchaea were selectively enriched from hypersaline lakes in southwestern Siberia using β-1,3-glucans as a substrate. The strains were nearly identical in their phenotypes and according to
phylogenomic analysis, and represent a distant novel species group in the genus Halapricum of the family Haloarculaceae.
The main phenotypic property of the novel isolates is the ability to hydrolyze and grow with the polysaccharides curdlan and pachyman. Such potential has, to date, not been seen in any other haloarchaea in pure cultures. The strains are obligately aerobic saccharolytics. Apart from the insoluble β-1,3-glucans, they utilized soluble α-glucans (starch, pullulan and glycogen) and a limited number of sugars. The major ether-bound polar phospholipids include PGP-Me and PG. The glyco- and sulfolipids were absent. The major respiratory menaquinone is MK-8:8. On the basis of their unique physiological properties and the results of phylogenomic analysis, the isolates are suggested to be classified into a novel species Halapricum hydrolyticum sp. nov. (type strain HArc-curdl5-1T = DSM 114193T = UQM 41587T).@en

Thi.o.ha.lo.spir.a.ce’ae N.L. fem. n. Thiohalospira, the type genus of the family, -aceae ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Thiohalospiraceae, the Thiohalospira family.
The family Thiohalospiraceae incorporates aerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from hypersaline habitats. They are moderate to extremely halophilic aerobes utilizing reduced sulfur compounds as the energy source and assimilating CO₂ via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. The family is a
member of the order Thiohalospirales in the Gammaproteobacteria and consists of a single genus Thiohalospira. The family-level status was established by phylogenomic analysis based on the Genome Taxonomy DataBase classification.
DNA G + C content (%): (65.6–69.1) (Tm and genome sequence of the type species). Type genus: Thiohalospira Sorokin et al. 2008^VP.@en

Me.thy.lo.na’trum; N.L. neut. n. methylum, the methyl radical (from French masc. n. méthyle; from French masc. n. méthylène); from Gr. neut. n. methy, wine; from Gr. fem. n. hylê, wood; N.L. pref. methylo-, pertaining to the methyl radical; N.L. neut. n. natron (arbitrarily derived from the Arabic n. natrun or natron soda; N.L. neut. n. Methylonatrum, methyl-group-utilizing,
soda-loving bacterium. The genus Methylonatrum accommodates aerobic
methylotrophs utilizing only C1 and C2 compounds as energy and carbon sources. The single known species of this genus is Methylonatrum kenyense. Members of this genus are high salt-tolerant obligate alkaliphiles found in aerated sediments of hypersaline soda lakes in Kenya and Siberia. The DNA G + C content is 63.4% (genome sequence). It was originally classified in the order Chromatiales, class Gammaproteobacteria, while a more recent phylogenomic analysis classifies it in the proposed order “Nitrococcales” and family “Aquisalimonadaceae.” DNA G + C content (%): 63.4 (genome sequence). Type species: Methylonatrum kenyense Sorokin et al. 2007aVP.
..................................................................................@en

Natr. ar. chae. o. ba' cu. lum. N.L. neut. n. natron, soda, sodium carbonate (arbitrarily derived from Arabic n. natrun or natron) ; N.L. pref. natro- pertaining to soda; Gr. masc. adj. archaîos ancient; L. neut. n. baculum, small stick, rod; N.L. neut. n. Natrarchaeobaculum soda-loving archaeal rod.

The genus Natrarchaeobaculum is classified as a member of the family Natrialbaceae, order Natrialbales, class Halobacteria according to phylogenomic analyses. It includes extremely halophilic heterotrophic natronoarchaea, some of which can grow anaerobically by sulfur respiration utilizing organic acids, H2 and formate as the electron donors. The genus currently includes two species: the facultatively anaerobic type species Natrarchaeobaculum sulfurireducens and the aerobic species Natrarchaeobaculum aegyptiacus. Inhabits hypersaline soda lakes. The DNA G + C content is 62.8-64.1 % (genome sequence). Three letter abbreviation is Nab.
@en

Thi.o.ha.lo.mo.nad.a.ce’ae N.L. fem. n. Thiohalomonas, the type genus of the family, -aceae ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Thiohalomonadaceae the Thiohalomonas family. The family Thiohalomonadaceae accommodates facultatively anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. They utilize reduced sulfur compounds as the energy source and either oxygen or NOx as the electron acceptors. CO₂ is assimilated via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. The family
is a member of the order Thiohalomonadales in the Gammaproteobacteria and consists of the genera Thiohalomonas and Sulfurivermis. The family-level status was established by phylogenomic analysis based on 120 single-copy conserved protein markers. DNA G + C content (mol%): 58–65 (Tm of 3 species).Type genus: Thiohalomonas Sorokin et al. 2007^VP.@en

Thi.o.ha.lo.phi.la.ce’ae N.L. masc. n. Thiohalophilus, the type genus of the family, -aceae ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Thiohalophilaceae the Thiohalophilus family.
The family Thiohalophilaceae incorporates aerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from hypersaline habitats. They are moderate halophiles utilizing reduced sulfur compounds as the energy source with either O₂ or nitrite as the electron acceptors. The family is a member of the order Thiohalomonadales in the Gammaproteobacteria and consists of a single genus Thiohalophilus. The family-level classification in the order Thiohalomonadales was established by phylogenomic analysis according to the Genome Taxonomy DataBase method. DNA G +C content: 57.4 (genome of the type strain). Type genus: Thiohalophilus Sorokin et al. 2007, VL117.
.................@en

Thi.o.ha.lo.rhab.dal’es N.L. fem. n. Thiohalorhabdus, the type genus of the order; L. fem. pl. n. suff. -ales ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n. Thiohalorhabdales, order of the genus Thiohalorhabdus.
According to the phylogenomic analysis, the order Thiohalorhabdales forms a deeply branching phylogenetic lineage at the base of the Gammaproteobacteria. It consists of a single family Thiohalorhabdaceae and genus Thiohalorhabdus. The cultured members of the order are extremely halophilic, facultatively anaerobic (denitrifying), chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from hypersaline habitats with neutral pH. Type genus: Thiohalorhabdus Sorokin et al. 2008^VP.@en

Me.thy.lo.ha.lo.mo.nad.a.ce’ae N.L. fem. n. Methylohalomonas, the type genus of the family, -aceae ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Methylohalomonadaceae the Methylohalomonas family.
The family Methylohalomonadaceae includes obligately methylotrophic, aerobic bacteria from hypersaline salt lakes. They are moderate halophiles utilizing C1 compounds as the energy and carbon source via the serine cycle. The family is a member of the order Methylohalomonadales in the Gammaproteobacteria
and consists of a single genus Methylohalomonas. The family-level status was established by phylogenomic analysis based on the Genome Taxonomy DataBase
classification. DNA G + C content (%): 59.4 (genome sequence). Type genus: Methylohalomonas Sorokin et al. 2007VP.@en

Thi.o.ha.lo.rhab.da.ce’ae N.L. fem. n. Thiohalorhabdus, the type genus of the family; L. fem. pl. n. suff.-aceae, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Thiohalorhabdaceae, the Thiohalorhabdus family.
The family Thiohalorhabdaceae incorporates facultatively anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from hypersaline habitats. They are extreme halophiles utilizing reduced sulfur compounds as energy sources with either O₂ or nitrate as the electron acceptor and assimilating CO₂ via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. The family is a member of the order Thiohalorhabdales in the Gammaproteobacteria, and it consists of a single genus Thiohalorhabdus. The family-level status was established by phylogenomic analysis based on the Genome Taxonomy DataBase classification. DNA G +C content (%): 68.9 (genome of the type strain). Type genus: Thiohalorhabdus Sorokin et al. 2008^VP.@en

Thi.o.ha.lo.bac.ter.al’es N.L. masc. n. Thiohalobacter, the type genus of the order; L. fem. pl. n. suff. -ales, ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n. Thiohalobacterales, the order of the genus Thiohalobacter.
The order Thiohalobacterales accommodates obligately chemolithoautotrophic aerobic bacteria utilizing inorganic sulfur compounds as the energy source and assimilating CO₂ via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. The order is a deeply branching member of the Gammaproteobacteria and consists of two families
Thiohalobacteraceae and Thiogranaceae, both of which include one genus. The order-level status was established by phylogenomic analysis based on the Genome Taxonomy DataBase classification. Type genus: Thiohalobacter Sorokin et al. 2010^VP.
.................................................................................@en