Cellulose membranes were prepared from an EMIMAc ionic liquid solution by nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) in coagulation baths of water–acetone mixtures, ethanol–water mixtures and water at different temperatures. High water volume fractions in the coagulation bath result in a highly reproducible gel-like structure with inhomogeneities observed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). A structural transition of cellulose takes place in water–acetone baths at very low water volume fractions, while a higher water bath temperature increases the size of inhomogeneities in the gel-like structure. These findings demonstrate the value of SANS for characterising and understanding the structure of regenerated cellulose films in their wet state. Such insights can improve the engineering and structural tuning of cellulose membranes, either for direct use or as precursors for carbon molecular sieve membranes.@en

Fullerene derivatives are used in a wide range of applications including as electron acceptors in solution-processable organic photovoltaics. We report agglomeration of fullerene derivatives in optically opaque solutions of PC₆₁BM and PC₇₁BM, with concentrations ranging from 30 mg mL^-1 up to 90 mg mL^-1, in different solvents with relevance to organic photovoltaics, using a novel neutron scattering technique, Spin-Echo Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SESANS). From SESANS, agglomerates with correlation lengths larger than 1 μm are found in some PC₆₁BM solutions, in contrast no agglomerates are seen in PC₇₁BM solutions. These results clearly show that PC₇₁BM is fundamentally more soluble than PC₆₁BM in the solvents commonly used in photovoltaic inks and corroborating similar observations previously achieved using other experimental techniques. Computer models are presented to study the energetics of solution and agglomeration of both species, ascribing the difference to a kinetic effect probably related to the larger anisotropy of PC₇₁BM. Also, this work showcases the power of SESANS to probe agglomerates of fullerene derivatives in completely opaque solutions for agglomerates of the order of one to several microns.

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The impact of the additive 1,8-diiodooctane on the morphology of bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on the systems P3HT:PC₇₁BM, PTB7:PC₇₁BM and PTB7-Th:PC₇₁BM is studied using a combination of Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results clearly show that while in the P3HT:PC₇₁BM system, the additive DIO promotes a slight coarsening of the phase domains (type I additive), in the systems PTB7:PC₇₁BM and PTB7-Th:PC₇₁BM, DIO promotes a large decrease in the size of the phase domains (type II additive). SANS is demonstrated as being particularly useful at detecting the minor morphological changes observed in the P3HT:PC₇₁BM system, which can be hardly seen in AFM. This work illustrates how SANS complements AFM and both techniques when used together provide a deeper insight into the nanoscale structure in thin organic photovoltaic (OPV) device films.

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In recent years, research in solar energy storage with photoelectrochemical cells (i.e., solar redox flow batteries: SRFBs) has resurged. This development is emerging in parallel with the growing field of research into organic redox couples intended for aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) in a range of different pH environments. In a solar flow battery, the dissolved electroactive molecules are charged directly from solar radiation by semiconductor photoelectrodes. The charged solution can then at a later stage be converted into electricity, and solar flow batteries are as such an approach to build integrated solar energy generation and storage devices. Research in RFBs and SRFBs has from their beginning been mutually linked by use of the same organic redox molecules in the electrolyte, such as quinones. Despite the long research history (since 1976), metallic-based, acidic SRFBs have shown only incremental development, while research in the use of organic redox pairs appears more promising. This review focuses on the historical development of the use of organic redox pairs in both RFBs and SRFBs and in particular on the mutual exchange of methods and materials between the two fields.

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