Governments worldwide are planning car-free policies to increase the livability of cities. However, car-free policies often face opposition from local stakeholders, and policy-makers often lack relevant model indicators to represent all stakeholder interests in their ex-ante car-free policy evaluations. Well-being (Dutch: Brede Welvaart) indicators can be more relevant for the various stakeholder interests in car-free policies by covering aspects in the domains of living environment, accessibility, safety and health. This thesis investigates how relevant well-being indicators can be selected and operationalised for the ex-ante evaluation of car-free policies. A well-being indicator selection process was developed and applied to a case study in the Oude Westen neighbourhood in Rotterdam. This process involved conducting thirteen semi-structured stakeholder interviews. The resulting stakeholder interests were analysed to determine the relevant aspects of well-being and the relevant indicators for these aspects. From the shortlist of relevant indicators, three indicators were selected and operationalised in this thesis. At last, two validation interviews were conducted to validate the results of this case study and the developed indicator selection process.

The most relevant stakeholders - municipality, local residents, and local business owners - were selected to be involved in the well-being indicator selection process in the case study. Based on their interests, the most relevant aspects of well-being were found to be the use of space, accessibility of mobility options, accessibility of activities, traffic safety, and noise pollution. This resulted in the operationalisation of three indicators: the use of space for car parking, the number of mobility options, and the traffic mix safety warning.

While the small sample size does not allow for generalisation of the case study results, the results of this thesis do show that the well-being indicator selection process can yield relevant indicators of well-being and that this process can be applied in practice. The operationalised indicators can be relevant to represent stakeholder interests in car-free policy evaluation and can be applied to other cases as well. However, the relevance of the indicators does depend on the type of policy and the stage of the planning process. Using well-being indicators in policy evaluation can enhance the relatability of the evaluation results for stakeholders and potentially increase stakeholder support for policies.

In the last years, municipalities' role in protecting cities from climate change impacts has increasingly gained attention due to their proximity to the citizens. Although municipalities have the tools to implement mitigation and adaptation strategies, anchoring these strategies will demand multiple interventions in the urban sphere if municipalities execute all these projects through a siloed approach. Multi-interventions will increase energy consumption, generating more C02 emissions, as well as more mobility disruptions. Therefore, municipalities need to design and execute their projects integrally. Through a literature review and Rotterdam Municipality serving as a case study, this research explores both the theoretical and practicality of how municipalities can effectively apply an integrated infrastructure design approach (IIDA) to enhance climate-resilient infrastructures (CRI). The research found some of CRI's key characteristics and seven implementation lenses of IIDA at the municipal level: functional, transdisciplinary, synergistic, intervention scale, technological, time and finance.
Furthermore, a thematic analysis of 22 interviews revealed 19 key factors that influence a municipality's effectiveness in using an integrated design approach. These factors were grouped into six dimensions: human capacity, organisational culture, governance, information and knowledge, project process development, and finance. These findings have been translated into a strategic roadmap, providing practical guidance for municipalities to effectively implement IIDA.
The roadmap suggests municipalities need individuals with soft skills such as holistic vision, proactivity, and collaboration. Additionally, fostering an innovative and collaborative culture is essential to enable the development of pilot projects. From the knowledge generated from pilot projects, municipalities can update their standards process.

The Dutch Climate Act (2019) requires a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, targeting a 49% reduction by 2030 and 95% by 2050. The construction sector, which is responsible for 15% of the Netherlands' CO2 emissions, largely relies on concrete, a material that contributes up to 8% of global CO2 emissions, primarily due to cement production. Transitioning to sustainable concrete is vital for meeting these climate targets. This study explores how demand-side organisations, particularly purchasers, can facilitate the adoption of green concrete in the Netherlands by establishing environmental standards and prioritising sustainable materials in construction projects.

This research utilises qualitative methods, including literature reviews, stakeholder interviews, and case studies of both conventional and green concrete projects. The findings emphasise the importance of promoting the 'cement with purpose' concept, generating demand for near-mature innovations, providing extensive testing for emerging innovations, and contributing to the development of alternative materials beyond slag. At the project level, the successful adoption of green concrete is associated with clear sustainability targets, strong engineering capabilities, client willingness to accept risks, and the strategic use of pilot projects.

The study proposes a conceptual framework, the Green Concrete Adoption Strategy for Purchasers (GCAS-4P), which combines strategic and practical insights to assist demand-side organisations in advancing the green concrete transition. It also highlights the need for further research to consider supplier perspectives and broader regional transitions.

The existing high level of greenhouse emissions and raw material consumption are the current concerns in the infrastructure sector. On the other hand, the programs for renovating the aged and overloaded infrastructures are currently under progress as substantial national programs with circularity targets in the Dutch context, involving various public-private networks. Implementing the circularity strategy of re-use in conducting the infrastructure projects will be beneficial to reduce the amount of emissions, minimize the raw material consumption, and facilitate the formulated national programs. Currently, there are just a few re-use projects, and running a higher number of these projects and accelerating the re-use transition in the infrastructure sector are urgent topics in the global and Dutch context. Public client organizations (PCOs) have determining role in this regard, as owners and commissioners of infrastructure projects. There are wider networks of actors and extra stages to follow in re-use projects, which can create barriers and make the organizational aspects of these projects extremely important. Most attempts are locked at the tactical level of PCOs, and a gap has emerged between the tactical and operational levels of these organizations in the implementation of the re-use strategy, which prevents acceleration of the re-use projects. There is less attention in the current studies to the existing gap between the tactical and operational level of PCOS in conducting re-use projects in the infrastructure sector, the required procedures to fill that, and accelerating the re-use transition, which are zoomed in and investigated in this research. The research is conducted through a qualitative method, following three different phases of theoretical study, empirical study, and solution development in the context of a PCO. This research recognized that the existing gap between the two levels is rooted in different fields, and the most urgent ones have been identified. It revealed that tackling such gaps requires following specific organizational procedures by actors within each of the two organizational levels and between them. Following such procedures to deal with the addressed gaps can be easier through using a framework. The required framework, provided in this study for public clients including organizational procedures and their relevant re-use implementation factors embedded in certain categories. Among the existing gaps in practice, three gaps are recognized as the most urgent ones, which are placed in the two top categories of ‘culture, communication and behavior’ and ‘contract, manuals and guidelines’. The top three gaps addressed by three re-use implementation factors of ‘target formulation, follow-up & evaluation’, ‘internal & external communication’, and ‘collaboration with external parties’. The provided organizational procedures are interrelated in implementing the re-use strategy, and the result of implementing some procedures should be followed by the work of actors at the same or another level. The strategic level should also intervene to fill the gaps specifically in formulating and re-visioning the targets. Structuring the communications, collaborations, and target formulation stages through implementing the procedures recommended in the presented framework in this research, and consistency with that, will prepare the organizational context, and link the tactical and operational level of PCOs in implementing the re-use projects. As a result, the re-use activities at the operational level of public client organizations will be more structured. With well-linked tactical and operational level and structured re-use activities, the re-use transition will be facilitated and can be accelerated at the operational level of the public client organizations. To address a circular solution for the national programs of renovating infrastructures, the active networks in them can consider the networks as the national context for re-use transition, and customize the framework to structure the inter-organizational procedures between the involved parties in the tactical and operational transition levels. Through structuring collaborations & communications between tactical and operational parties, developing clear and detailed targets, and evaluating them, the re-use transition can also be accelerated on the national scale.