In February 2019 the OGC White Paper on Land Administration is published. This White Paper provides an overview of the land administration domain and relevant developments. It also proposes necessary actions for the design and development of an implementation standards. The document includes an overview of needs and requirements as earlier discussed during the various LADM Workshops. During the closing session of the 2021 LADM/3D workshop (embedded in the FIG e-Working Week 2021) FIG expressed its commitment to collaborate with ISO and OGC regarding the implementation of LADM as an integral component of the standardisation efforts in land administration. Currently, the LADM revision is ongoing and includes land registration, marine space geo-regulation, valuation information, spatial plan information. Further, enhanced support in cadastral surveying is proposed to be provided, through a comprehensive survey model. The new edition is multipart, part 6 is on a standard for LADM implementation. The development of this can be strategically aligned with the developments of the other parts of LADM edition II. This paper serves as an initial step towards fostering a dialogue to promote the implementation of LADM. It emphasis the creation of a Land Administration Domain Model Standards Working Group Charter within the OGC. A draft charter is currently available for reference, along with insights from the 2019 White Paper. It is imperative to engage stakeholders from industry/business, government and academia in this development to ensure its success and relevance.@en

The first edition of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been available as a formal International Standard since the 1st of December 2012, published as ISO 19152:2012. It is based on / makes use of a number of standards, in particular those published by ISO/TC 211 and, of course, other committees. In addition, non-ISO standards and international guidelines related to land administration have been used as much as possible in the development of LADM Edition I. The systematic review of LADM Edition I has been officially launched and the process of developing LADM Edition II is now underway. The new edition not only refines the content of LADM Edition I, but also expands the scope to include marine georegulation, valuation information, spatial plan information and implementation. As a result, LADM Edition II is based on more standards, not only because of its expanded scope, but also because of the standards published after LADM Edition I and the principle of reusing existing standards wherever possible. Since the publication of LADM Edition I, it has been widely recognised by the international community and implemented by several countries. It is also applicable to the implementation of relevant parts of international standards, guidelines and frameworks, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). LADM Edition II has somewhat more links to international standards, guidelines and frameworks, as its scope is broader than Edition I. The purpose of this paper is to document which standards LADM Edition II is based on and associated with, which guidelines and frameworks are in some way related to LADM.@en

This paper uses developments across a global range of case countries to justify the updates and explain likely implementations. The aim is to provide readers a state-of-play LADM snapshot, and also provide information on likely future additions, modifications, and functionalities.@en

International laws and frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its defined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with the Voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security (VGGTs) are key global cornerstones in the protection of women’s land rights and enabler for women to get land rights. Land rights for women is an issue that is linked to broader issues across geographical regions and cultural and religious differences. The SDGs specifically target women’s land and property rights in ending poverty (target 1.4), achieving food security (target 2.3) and ensuring gender equality (target 5a). To achieve these goals and to act according to these global policies, namely, to have equal land rights for women and men, land ownership and land use records need to include both genders. Though, in many countries, such records are non-existent or not up to date or do not show the reality on the ground. As a result, women are often passed over by the government during tenure recordation processes.@en

Processes and transactions in Land Administration are outside the scope of the original Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Edition I as published in 2012. Processes were considered to be country specific. By then generic processes were too difficult to model. This view needs reconsideration – given developments as Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration, Mobile Apps and blockchain processes. In many countries different organizations have their own responsibilities in data collection, data maintenance and distribution. But they all communicate on the basis of standardised administrative and technical processes. Operationalisation and implementation of LADM requires attention to this aspect, at least at conceptual level and should not be prescriptive. Nevertheless the development of the LADM is and was based on user needs. The global market and globalization are constantly influencing and introducing new processes for data collection, data maintenance and distribution all requiring a shared ontology, These administrative and technical processes will be discussed during the development of LADM Edition II. Issues in this debate will be presented in this paper. Those processes are not just transactions but the Fit-For-Purpose approach in Land Administration enables the inclusions of processes as such as: selection of imagery, automated feature extraction, initial data collection with mobile apps, etc. Also the application of blockchain for transaction management is an issue. The operationalisation of those processes and tools, at scale (apart from conventional cadastral processes which may be complex to standardise) is an issue given the ambitions in the Sustainable Development Goals to bring tenure security for all. The Open Geospatial Consortium initiated operationalisation of land administration standards as LADM and there is a cooperation with the International Standardisation Organisation in this respect.@en

Processes and transactions in Land Administration are outside the scope of the Land Administration Domain Model Edition I published in 2012. Reason is that processes were considered to be country specific. Generic processes would be too difficult to model. This view needs reconsideration – given developments as Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration, Apps and blockchain. In many countries different organizations have their own responsibilities in data maintenance and supply, but may communicate on the basis of standardised administrative and technical update processes. Operationalisation and implementation of LADM requires attention to this aspect - at least at conceptual level (not prescriptive). This will an issue in the development of LADM Edition II and this is the issue that is explored in this paper.@en

Processes and transactions in Land Administration are outside the scope of the Land Administration Domain Model Edition I published in 2012. Reason is that processes were considered to be country specific. Generic processes would be too difficult to model. This view needs reconsideration – given developments as Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration, Apps and blockchain. In many countries different organizations have their own responsibilities in data maintenance and supply, but may communicate on the basis of standardized administrative and technicalupdate processes. Operationalization and implementation of LADM requires attention to this aspect - at least at conceptual level (not prescriptive). This will an issue in the development of LADM Edition II and this is the issue that is explored in this paper. @en

The paper describes the ongoing developments and standardisation in land administration. Standards are relevant in relation to build as well as maintain and develop a land administration. Standards like the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) are helping to jump-start new initiatives and are connecting top-down and bottom-up projects together. The LADM facilitates the efficient set-up of land administration and can function as the core of any land administration system. LADM is flexible, widely applicable and functions as a central source of state-of-the-art international knowledge on this topic. Some future trends in the domain and the maintenance of the standard are presented and being discussed in the paper. These trends may be relevant for the development of a second edition of the LADM over the coming years. These models do not include land administration processes for initial data acquisition, data maintenance and data publication. This is because these processes were considered to be country-specific when the first edition of LADM was prepared; a generic and global approach was likely to be difficult to model. This view may now need reconsideration.@en