The debate on climate risk labels in the Dutch housing market is gaining momentum, with opinions divided on their potential benefits and drawbacks. This thesis delves into the impact of flood risk labels on the housing market, focusing on residential real estate owned by professional investors. By adopting an investor's perspective, the study examines the implications of various flood risks, including those from main water systems, regional areas, and heavy rainfall. The research design incorporates a literature review, a questionnaire, and an expert discussion to validate the findings. The literature review explores the investment landscape in the Netherlands, existing labels in real estate, and sustainability reporting. The empirical research involves a questionnaire distributed to professional investors, followed by an expert discussion to validate the results. The study aims to understand how flood risk labels influence investment strategies and climate mitigation efforts. The findings reveal that flood risk labels somewhat benefit the decision-making process of professional real estate investors in the Netherlands. Investors consider flood risk labels as a valuable tool for risk reporting and guiding investment decisions in the face of climate change. The study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the necessity and design of climate risk labels, providing insights into their potential to improve housing valuations and investment strategies.

Within the framework of this paper, spatial practices between the built and the un-built in the context of urban regeneration of neighbourhoods at city fringes are explored. The proposed spatial practice, called spatial nuancing refers to the reconsideration and redefinition of public space. Spatial nuancing is applied in the context of existing spatial and social dynamics as a means for initiating regeneration through new approaches. It can be applied at various scales and contexts. In this work, the focus lies in the context of post-war modernist developments, that are widely characterized by large-scale and under-managed public spaces. This work challenges the perception and considerations of those kinds of under-managed public spaces and follows along the main research question: What if under-management is considered as a quality in public space?
By proposing a strategy that includes the punctual implementation of places of common the public space can be reactivated, not by increasing management but by connecting the main actors of the public space: the people. It argues that spatial nuancing with the example of the creation of places of common binds together and reinforces social and spatial qualities. This has a catalysing effect on the development and quality of life in a neighbourhood.

Sustainability is increasingly important for homebuyers due to environmental awareness, legislation, and financial benefits like reduced energy costs and higher mortgage potential for energy-efficient properties. However, evaluating a home's sustainability is challenging as properties may be misrepresented by the seller. Further on, the bounded rationality of homebuyers can also affect property assessment. This thesis explores the legal obligations applicable to homebuyers in assessing sustainability before purchase, explores current market practices for assessing sustainability, and explores professional property evaluation. Thereby, this thesis aims to use insights retrieved from professional investors to guide homebuyers in making informed decisions on sustainability when buying a residence.

A mixed-methods approach, including a legal review, interviews with professional investors, and a survey among homeowners, was used. The legal review indicates that buyers must conduct thorough property investigations. Energy labels provide information but do not guarantee specific features and should be compared with the true state of the property and seller information. Annulment of a purchase based solely on an energy label is difficult without false disclosures.

Interviews reveal that unsustainable properties are losing value, partly due to legislation limiting the lease of such assets to tenants. Professional investors use various methods to assess sustainability, such as comparing assets with reference objects, seeking external advisory, assessing development potential, examining energy consumption data, evaluating climate risks, understanding energy labels, considering certifications like BREEAM, assessing embodied carbon, and evaluating asset installations and insulation.

The survey shows that sustainability is increasingly important to homeowners, primarily to reduce energy costs. Respondents are willing to pay more for higher energy labels but often fail to thoroughly investigate property sustainability, highlighting this study's relevance. Greenwashing was not a significant issue among respondents.

This study supports previous research on the importance of sustainability and the need for thorough property investigations. Limitations include the difficulty of generalizing legal rulings, the small survey sample, and potential interviewer bias. Evolving legislation, fluctuating energy prices, and the volatile housing market may quickly render results outdated.

Homebuyers are advised to consider the energy label, check its assessment date, and conduct additional research before purchasing. Homebuyers are advised to request previous energy consumption data and consider risks related to heat, flooding, and foundation damage. External advice is recommended, especially for homes built before the 2012 Building Decree. The state of installations can be assessed with further external certification. While solar panels can improve an energy label, proper insulation is more crucial. Limiting energy demand should be prioritized before focusing on green energy generation.

The significance of sustainability and sustainable development has been the subject of increasing attention. As is evident in our daily lives, sustainability concerns individuals, but it is also on the agenda of governments and private organisations. Many sectors have focused on sustainability, including corporate real estate, but in this sector the focus is mainly on offices. There is a lack of literature on industrial real estate, which plays the supporting role to the main business, in the context of sustainability. This research aims to address this specific type of corporate real estate and to explore, through a case study, what drives sustainable development in the corporate real estate of a manufacturing company located within the European Union. The case study method included literature review, interviews and document analysis to answer the main research question: "What are the external and internal drivers of sustainability in corporate real estate management of a manufacturing company?" Based on literature and market findings the research was designed around four main categories of drivers: stakeholders, financial incentives, regulatory drivers and risk management. The findings show the importance of stakeholders and regulations; financial incentives are important but not directly recognized as drivers; climate change risk and risk management are at an early stage of development. Nevertheless, there is a growing recognition of the importance of sustainability of corporate real estate, despite its supporting role. This research contributes to the knowledge gap regarding the sustainability of industrial real estate.

Corporate Real Estate Management (CREM) professionals face diverse challenges, from space optimization to financial decision-making, in their field. The potential of emerging AI technologies, such as ChatGPT, remains underexplored in this context. This research seeks to address this knowledge gap by examining whether a tailored ChatGPT can significantly enhance the capabilities of CREM professionals with a focus on property managers. The central question revolves around ChatGPT's utility within Property management, aiming to answer the fundamental question: "‘’What is the added value of a tailored ChatGPT for professionals in Property Management?" A mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, is employed. This approach encompasses in-depth interviews, thematic analysis, and surveys to assess ChatGPT's performance. The research objectives encompass evaluating ChatGPT's performance compared to human experts and gauging its added value. The anticipated outcomes include a comprehensive research findings report, quantitative and qualitative datasets, and a tailored ChatGPT for property managers. This research aspires to understand the potential role of a tailored ChatGPT in CREM and providing insights to policymakers and technologists regarding AI's potential in shaping the future of CREM.

Climate change is advancing at an unforeseen pace, with the built environment responsible for 40% of global emissions. With the acceptance of climate risk as a financial risk, market participants bear the responsibility of mitigating this problem. Office real estate plays a crucial role as a sustainable workspace is also crucial in its retention of talented workforce. With hybrid working expected to become a non-negotiable fixture of the workplace ecosystem, the office of the future is very different. The relationship between employees and the workspace continuously shifts due to changing occupancy patterns that stem from these evolving working processes, which in turn impacts the energy consumption of a building. This thesis attempts to understand the impact of hybrid working processes on the energy consumption of workspace environments using a quantitative research design to answer the following research question: How is the energy consumption of the workspace environment impacted by hybrid modes of working? The methodology includes data from a literature review, synthetic data simulations and occupancy and energy data from two case studies. The results demonstrate that there are benefits from employing a hybrid working model, provided offices are equipped or retrofitted to ensure their energy usage can respond to the dynamic occupancy levels. Furthermore, workspace design should reflect and cater to the diverse habits and preferences of the end user to ensure efficient use of space. However, these benefits are not equitably distributed as the energy saved is offset onto the end user thereby widening the existing inequalities in place. Future design and policy should consider user, building, campus and city scale solutions to create a balanced and sustainable outcome that benefits society as a whole. A system mapping identifying the different impact areas of hybrid working and their interdependencies has been formulated to support improved management of building assets for real estate professionals and business.

Purpose. Dutch universities must cope with evolving demand when aligning their real estate, facing uncertainty due to dynamic trends and a relatively static portfolio. The result is a strategy moving towards a resilient, shared and centralised campus, emphasising multi-purpose spaces. This shift involves shared building use, a strategy of creating generic spaces accessible to a diverse range of internal (and external) users. A building is shared when a majority of its useful space is generic, not assigned to a specific individual or group of individuals and often adaptable to fit multiple users in the short and long term. Despite identifying general trends, the reasons and functionality behind the increased use of shared spaces remain unclear in current literature. Moreover, there is a noticeable absence in literature of an uniformly acknowledged definition and term that adequately encapsulates the characteristics of facilities described as ‘shared’. This research aims to analyse the motivations driving this integration, establish a precise understanding of this particular approach to facility use and identify essential stakeholder requirements for practical use. Grasping the forces behind, the proces for and the effects of this trend is crucial for evaluating both positive and negative aspects of shared spaces on campus, contributing to achieving university real estate goals.

Research approach. The primary objective of this research is to study how shared spaces can be used to support and advance university real estate objectives. Therefore, the main question is: How do shared spaces on the university campus align with organisational, functional, financial and physical real estate objectives? This study will apply a case-study research approach to find an answer to the main question. First, desk research will be focussed on exploring the field of shared building use. Then, with the outcomes of desk research as a starting point, case-study research will be used to better understand a select number of cases within the field. The case studies aim to get comprehensive insights by analysing various perspectives and establishing KPIs. The methods used to study cases include literature study, interviews, existing data analysis and usage data analysis. The goal is to deliver a thorough theoretical background, a case overview for reference projects, detailed information on specific cases and a cross-case analysis.

Results. The cross-case analysis shows that financial constraints and the need for physical efficiency encourage universities to shift towards shared spaces. This shift is supported by functional and organisational demands, creating generic, versatile spaces that facilitate various activities. This approach can meet the diverse needs of users for flexibility and comfort while aligning with institutional goals of resource optimisation, organisational resilience and financial risk mitigation. The study emphasises the importance of continuous stakeholder engagement and integrated governance in ensuring shared spaces effectively meet university and user needs in a dynamic campus context.

Discussion. The research shows the complex interconnectedness of public values, trends and motivations concerning integrating shared spaces on campus. However, limitations are acknowledged, such as a focus on a select number of universities and reliance on qualitative data. Therefore, further studies examining shared spaces across educational and societal settings are suggested. Moreover, this thesis expands the theoretical understanding of campus management and offers practical insights for better campus planning, including shared spaces. For practitioners, the results stress the importance of adopting shared spaces for the future viability of Dutch university campuses, emphasising a shift towards sharing and collaboration. Laslty, campus managers are provided with practical insights and best practices from various contexts to support diverse stakeholder needs and institutional objectives.

Climate change requires an innovative approach to retrofitting current built environments. This study tackles the significant intersection among lasting technologies, and financial models in the context of sustainable retrofitting. The issue at hand pertains to the necessity for feasible plans to grab and exploit amplified value resulting from sustainable retrofitting procedures.
Using a mixed-methods approach, this research applies qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Qualitative techniques entail case studies and exploratory analyses, offering insights into success factors, and best practices. Quantitative methods, like the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) financial modelling, assess the financial value of sustainable retrofit initiatives.
The primary objectives of this study are to comprehensively understand the intricate dynamics of individual and/ or collective Sustainable Energy Technologies (SETs) in retrofit practices at the neighbourhood level and will analyse whether implementing SETs on a building-by-building basis or at the neighbourhood level, or a combination of both, is preferable. The anticipated outcomes consist of a report consisting of literature review, case study, and comprehensive TCO model. These outputs aim to offer a robust framework for stakeholders include investors, policymakers, end-users, and others involved, facilitating informed decision-making and rule-setting regarding individual and/or collective SETs in retrofit projects.
Key findings from the TCO analysis show that collective systems become cost-effective beyond approximately 60 units due to economies of scale. In addition, the study highlights the critical role of accurate cost estimation, financial planning, and improved data transparency in SET implementation.
This research advances methodologies for assessing retrofits and lays the groundwork for sustainable building practices. By examining theoretical frameworks and practical applications, it paves the way for a more refined approach to sustainable retrofitting.