For the transportation of the produced energy at offshore windfarms to the onshore grid, export cables have to be installed in the sea bed. Usually, at first trenches are dredged, in which approximately one month later the cables are installed. During this period the trench should remain sufficiently open to install the cables, fulfilling the depth requirements. This thesis focusses on the influence of sand wave fields on the sedimentation rate. It is investigated how trench sedimentation can best be assessed: with a simple model in combination with an extensive probabilistic assessment, or with a more complex model in which a less detailed probabilistic assessment is possible. The research is based on a case study at the Borssele Wind Farm Zone, for which the sedimentation rate is determined during the month April.
The sedimentation is primarily caused by a reduction in (the perpendicular-directed) flow velocity. Shifting of shoals or banks does not occur during the short timescale. The same holds for the sand waves, which do not migrate significantly during this time. Under influence of bedload transport however, the largest sedimentation rates are found for trenches around the sand wave crest. Closer to the troughs, less sedimentation can be expected.
During the probabilistic assessment of the trench sedimentation in flat bathymetries, it was found that the uncertainty obtained by Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) with an 2DV-model is reduced compared to the Monte Carlo-analysis (MC-analysis) in SedPit: the median is for both cases 0.06m, the 5-95 percentiles are 0.03m-0.09m and 0.04m-0.13m respectively. Including (idealized) sand wave perturbations in the 2DV-model, increases the range of the P05-P95 values for in trench sedimentation to 0.01 and 0.13m.
Based on the results, it is concluded that SedPit can be used as first assessment tool for the trench sedimentation, since it covers the range obtained with the more complex 2DV-model. The main advantage is the limited computation time of around 1.5 hours, compared to around 48 hours with the sand wave model. On the other hand, the 2DV-model is able to produce more accurate results.
The siltation rate in trenches located at sand wave crests is underestimated by SedPit compared to the results obtained from the 2DV-model. The opposite holds for trenches located at sand wave troughs, in which more sedimentation is predicted by SedPit. Adjusting the calibration parameter of sand transport in SedPit within the ranges provided in Van Rijn (2013) (0.5 for a sand wave trough and 1.0 for a sand wave crest), can at most decrease the difference between the models. For trenches located near a sand wave crest or trough, it is therefore advised to use at least the 2DV-model to assess trench sedimentation.
Furthermore, the 2DV-model can only be used in the case of perpendicular flow with respect to the trench-axis. Inclusion of the sand wave processes, which act in the 2DV-direction, for non-perpendicular flows therefore requires 3D modelling.

The growth of the offshore wind industry results in intensive usage of the sandy seabed in the North Sea, currently and in the coming decades. Large-scale bed forms are present in shallow seas with sandy beds such as the North Sea. The most dynamic bed forms are sand waves. Due to their dynamic behaviour, sand waves can interact within offshore human developments and together with their dimensions pose a threat; e.g. decrease in navigation depth, exposure of submarine cables, interaction with foundations of offshore wind turbines and destabilization of bed protections. A thorough understanding of the dynamics can result in less risks for the offshore wind sector and therefore bring down the levelized cost of electricity from offshore wind.
Currently, sand wave field dynamics are investigated by data-driven analyses. These analyses are based on seabed surveys over preferable more than 10 years and are considered most reliable at the moment. However, these surveys are very costly and/or often not available. Complex numerical models may provide an approach to analyse sand wave dynamics in a cost and time efficient way, though two aspects have to be considered. Not all relevant processes regarding sand wave dynamics are yet understood. Furthermore, due to the large scale of sand wave fields in combination with the fine grid resolution required to model sand waves, large computational efforts form a difficulty for numerical modelling of sand wave fields. Previous numerical studies focused on reproducing the length and height of sand waves. The migration direction is the next step towards the full prediction of sand wave fields and the subject of this research.
Recent data-driven analyses showed migration directions of sand waves in opposite direction over small spatial scale, possibly related to underlying seabed topography. Understanding the governing processes of the migration direction of sand waves including underlying seabed topography is the focus of this research using the numerical process-based model Delft3D.
To this end, an idealized model is used in which underlying seabed topography (tidal sand bank) is included. For a symmetrical tidal velocity signal, it is shown that the presence of the tidal sand bank influences the hydrodynamics on the scale of sand waves. Horizontal tide-averaged flow towards the top of the tidal sand bank on both flanks is observed. This results in sediment transports and migration directions on both flanks of the tidal sand bank towards the top of the tidal sand bank. The horizontal tide-averaged flow pattern around the tidal sand bank is disturbed by the inclusion of a residual current. Sand wave migration on both flanks in the direction of the residual current is the result. Including the S4-tide constituent does not disturb the tide-averaged horizontal flow pattern around the tidal sand bank. However, the asymmetry of the tidal velocity signal enhances migration in the direction of the asymmetry.
Finally, it is shown that also for a more realistic model the transition in migration direction can be explained due to the presence of the tidal sand bank. The tidal sand bank influences the hydrodynamics by creating areas in which the tide-averaged sediment transport in the ebb direction are enhanced and areas in which the tide-averaged sediment transports in the flood direction are enhanced. In this way a transition in the migration direction over the tidal sand bank is observed. The migration directions from the model results and migration direction from data-driven analyses show a comparable transition over the tidal sand bank.