Congestion in and pollution by traffic are amongst the most severe and urgent problems faced by both developed and developing countries these days. It is regarded as a "wicked" problem, which implies it is both hard to define the inherent problem and to find adequate measures to deal with. The complexity of transport systems makes it impossible for policy makers to fully grasp the effectiveness of each measure or intervention in detail. In policy maker‘s policy toolkits, there are traditionally two categories of transport measures that transport infrastructures supply (TIS) or transport demand management (TDM). However, these transport measures in reality are usually designed and implemented uncooperatively, some of which hardly receive political or public acceptance and others possibly cause unexpected negative side effects. Policy packaging is regarded as a prominent approach to solve these problems of single measures, because it can improve the acceptance of single policy measures, eliminate their negative effects after implementation, and produce larger synergy effects. However, in spite of these advantages, policy packaging complicates the whole policy making and implementation process, involving complex values, actors, and measures, and challenges policy maker‘s consciousness and capacities. This is why there is rare successful policy packaging in reality...@en

The relevance of this research is derived from the current ambition of multiple cities around the world to change towards a much more sustainable future. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a concept that responds to this ambition by focusing on efficient transportation modes other than the automobile by integrating transit and urban development. In the Netherlands, many substantive issues are taken into account when it comes to stimulating the transition from a car-oriented development path towards a more TOD driven path. However, formal and informal barriers still hamper the implementation of such concepts due to multiple policy differences between transit and urban development. The main problem that is addressed in this report is the policy difficulty that appears when realising TOD projects in practice.

Within the field of construction management & engineering are upcoming cities investigated on how they achieved economic development and how they increased the quality of life by using the phenomena of city branding as development tool. By doing so (city branding), cities hope to get a better position on the global market to attract companies (multinationals), inhabitants and tourists. In addition, also to define local urban identity for the current inhabitants.