Wireless power transfer has been around for a long time. In 1899 Nikola Tesla demonstrated that it was possible to transfer power using a pair of coils. This technology has advanced to now charge a wide range of portable devices, such as phones. In this thesis, a wireless charging system is designed to be integrated into a power bank with UV-C sterilization to charge phones.

The design focuses on creating a small and highly efficient module to transfer energy from the power bank battery to the phone with as little losses as possible. The design adheres to the Qi standard from the Wireless Power Consortium by following the MP-A2 reference design. The design consists of a voltage regulator to provide a constant voltage, a controlled inverter that manages output power, and a series compensated transmitter coil. LTspice simulations predict the power efficiency to be 74% from the battery to the receiver. A prototype PCB was designed and assembled to demonstrate the performance of the design in practice and transferred 5W at an efficiency of 67%. This shows potential for future integration of the design into the power bank.

The effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for disinfection has been well-known for more than a century. Recent advances in light­-emitting diode (LED) technology have brought UV LEDs to the consumer market. These offer many advantages over traditional gas­-discharge lamps, allowing UV radiation to be generated with higher reliability in a much smaller form factor. In this thesis, the design of a portable battery­-powered sterilizer based on UV LEDs is described. The sterilizer is intended for the sterilization of personal items such as mobile phones, face masks, and keys.

The design of the sterilizer consisted of two parts: the LED array and the LED driver. For their design, a model­-based approach was taken to ensure high performance and low cost. For the LED array, a radiometric model was developed and applied in an optimization procedure. The design of the LED driver was based on an analytical loss model in MATLAB and LTspice simulations.

The UV LED array provides a radiant power of 113 mW to the disinfection area, resulting in an irradiation dose of 195 μW/cm2. This allows for more than 99.9% disinfection in less than 15 min. The LED driver is a boost converter operating at 750 kHz in the discontinuous conduction mode. This converter supplies the array with a nominal input power of 4.3 W at a simulated efficiency of 91%.

The design of the LED driver is verified with a prototype. Measurements show efficiencies around 83% at 4.1 W output power. Incorporating several improvements over the prototype, efficiencies between 85–87% can be expected for the LED driver in the sterilizer.

To enable the portable use of electronic devices, (rechargeable) batteries need to be used. These batteries require a battery management system in order for them to operate safely and efficiently. This thesis describes such a system for the Wireless Powerlizer: a power bank with wireless charging capabilities and an integrated sterilizer using UV-C light.

The battery management system comprises of a charging circuit, a protection module, and cell balancing features. These features are designed to function with Li-ion batteries, which are chosen for their high volumetric energy density, in a 5S1P configuration. These batteries will be charged via a constant-current, constant-voltage (CC-CV) scheme in order to improve charging speed. This charging scheme will be facilitated by a DC-DC boost converter with current and voltage control.

The mechanism behind the protection module (overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent, and temperature) and passive cell balancing features are elucidated via flowcharts and also verified by simulation in Simulink. A prototype encompassing the charging circuit is implemented on a PCB and tested. The realized boost converter successfully allows for CC-CV charging: it operates at 263kHz, has a charging current of 1A, a constant voltage boundary of 19.6V, and shows an efficiency of 92—93.6%.

Power systems nowadays are experiencing a significant energy transition characterized by the progressive increment of power electronic interfaced units. Voltage source converters are extensively utilized to interconnect renewable energy sources at various transmission levels, facilitate the asynchronous interconnection of system areas through HVDC links and enable the installment of responsive demand units into the grid. The latter increase of power electronic interfaced units in the power system has significantly altered its dynamic behavior as the system is characterized by low inertia conditions, fast and more frequent dynamics, lack of inertial response, limited short circuit capability and uncertain generation and demand mixes. Under these new operating conditions one of the main concerns of TSOs is the ability of the system to withstand active power-frequency imbalances. To cope with the frequency stability issues encountered, power electronic interfaced elements introduced, can be effectively utilized to offer ancillary services such as fast frequency support to the grid due to the high controllability levels and the rapid response capability they exhibit. This thesis project deals with the optimization of the frequency response of a multi-area, multi-energy hybrid HVAC-HVDC power system when common active power-frequency disturbances occur. The system analyzed consists of 3 electromagnetically decoupled areas through MMC-HVDC interconnection links with different generation and demand mixes characterized by different inertia levels due to the integration of fully decoupled wind turbines type IV and proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. The controllers of the power electronic interfaced elements have been modified with the active power gradient control scheme to provide fast frequency support in case of commonly occurred active power-frequency imbalances. However, to avoid insufficient or over regulation of the systems’ frequency when multiple elements target the same variable, a coordinated tuning strategy is more than necessary. For this reason, in this study two different problem formulations have been proposed aiming at a coordinated tuning of the parameters of the frequency controllers of the synthetic inertia elements participating in the frequency regulation. To effectively solve the optimization problem and enhance the frequency stability of the system a powerful metaheuristic optimization algorithm, the mean variance mapping optimization algorithm has been used. The optimization results can effectively highlight the tuning strategy that achieves the best frequency response of the system under various commonly occurred active power-frequency disturbances and provide further insight on the proper utilization of various synthetic inertia sources with respect to their response capabilities and location.

The energy transition is expected to increase the peak loading of the grid, requiring Distribution System Operators (DSOs) like Stedin to invest an increasing amount of capital and labour in the reinforcement of their network. Flexible resources can be used to decrease the peak loading of the grid through better matching consumption and generation. DSOs can defer or avoid reinforcement by using flexible power to realize sufficient capacity at the lowest possible cost. This thesis provides the means for quantifying the ability of flexible power to act as an alternative to investment in grid reinforcement.
The problems expected to arise as a function of the energy transition are identified by literature research. It was found that of the identified problems, ’Power quality: Voltage dips and swells’- and ’Capacity: Thermal capacity'-problems are likely to be solvable through the application of flexible resources. To assess the intensity of the problems in Stedin's service area and research possible means of categorization, a projection of the energy transition scenarios of Netbeheer Nederland on parts of Stedin's grid is used. These simulations show problems arising mainly from cumulative integration of typical energy transition technologies, like PV, HP and EV. The voltage and capacity problems are shown to be highly related to active power flows, where the influence of reactive power flows is comparatively low.
Through a proposed revision of the 'Reinforce unless'-framework, the means are provided to determine the feasibility of solving encountered problems and bottlenecks through flexible resources. The revised framework quantifies the flexible resources’ ability for mitigating bottlenecks by combining the Jacobian matrix of power flow analysis with the technical abilities of the flexible resources. The application of flexible resources as an alternative to investment reduces the certainty of supply through the possibility of insufficient flexible capacity to mitigate the bottleneck. The resulting risk can be quantified through the 'not delivered'-energy.
Several potential barriers and discussions arise through describing the potential flexible resources in the distribution grid. The main discussion is based on the lack of insight and controllability in the distribution grid, reducing the overall applicability, and the trade-off between applying flexibility or facilitating flexibility. This trade-off requires DSOs to determine where to facilitate and where to use flexibility.
The financial feasibility of applying flexibility as an alternative to investment is discussed on both the procurement as the comparative feasibility towards reinforcement. Based on the review of services currently contracted by the Transmission System Operator (TSO) and literature research, a most likely approach to contract sufficient flexible resources at reasonable costs is described. The resulting method counteracts gaming, guarantees sufficient flexible power for mitigating bottlenecks at reasonable prices, and allows for market operation to provide the lowest possible costs.
This thesis reviews the operational problems that DSOs can expect and the role flexible resources can play to solve them. The framework of 'Reinforce unless' is adapted to fit this wider range of bottlenecks and to include specific methods to assess and substantiate the sufficiency of flexible power to solve the bottleneck.

The last decade has seen an immense growth in solar PV systems (both large-scale solar PV systems and distributed solar PV systems). It is expected that this growth will continue due to environmental concerns. Since conventional generators are defined by their physics and control, and solar PV systems are defined solely by their control algorithms, this transition has brought with it challenges for preservation of power system stability. Presently, solar PV systems are not modelled in detail in the current dynamic grid model of TenneT. However, due to the flourishing of solar PV systems and lessening of synchronous generators, the role of solar PV systems on the dynamic behaviour of power systems keeps increasing hence an increased need for detailed modelling is necessary. In this thesis report, solar PV systems i.e. large-scale solar PV systems and aggregation of distributed solar PV systems, are modelled according to the requirements of the Dutch gridcode (netcode) and the European 'Requirements for Generators'. Additionally, a standard modelling approach, including proper selection of models and a default parameter set, for representation of large-scale and aggregated PV systems is developed. Following this, the analysis of transient- and voltage stability is firstly conducted on an IEEE 9 bus network with different PV penetration levels. In addition, several case studies are selected based on TenneT's investment plan scenario to determine the impact of a high penetration of PV systems on transient- and voltage stability in a larger, more extensive network.

Boost-type power factor correction (PFC) rectifiers can be used in, for example, battery charging systems for Electric Vehicles (EVs). Conventionally available three-phase PFC rectifiers are limited to output 1/3 of the rated power when connected to a single-phase mains. This work presents the research into the single-phase operation of the Belgian rectifier, a novel boost-type PFC rectifier which allows for full power operation in both single- and three-phase operation (relevant for the three-wire split-phase systems in the USA with a maximum power of 19.2 kW). The single-phase AC-to-DC power converter is operated by paralleling and interleaving the three-phase rectifier bridge legs. By using the analysed triangular current mode (TCM) modulation scheme complete zero-voltage switching is achieved over the entire mains period. The power converter is further analysed with respect to the steady-state operation and component-level modelling. The modelling techniques are used to generate the Pareto-front of efficiency versus power density. The optimal design is selected based on the multi-objective requirements, and is a design with 6x interleaving with a boost inductance of 30µH that results in complete soft-switching transitions and achieves an efficiency of 98.42% with a power density of 5.34kW/dm3. After that, the single-phase Belgian rectifier is compared to the conventional six-switch boost PFC rectifier to identify and quantify the benefits. Finally, a closed-loop control model is proposed and implemented on the 19.2 kW, 1.5kW/dm3 hardware demonstrator for the conversion of a 240 V AC input with a maximum rms current of 80 A into a 380 V DC output to verify the single-phase operation of the Belgian PFC rectifier. Experimental results show efficiencies higher than 98% for power levels larger than 3kW.

The Paris Agreement, which calls for countries to channel their efforts to limit global warming would require the deployment of large scale offshore wind energy in the North Sea. This includes the possibility of developing offshore infrastructure for deploying offshore wind power generation with installed capacity ranging from 70 to 150 GW by 2040 and increasing up to 180 GW by 2045. Presently, the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based - High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission is considered the most suitable for transfer of offshore wind power from distant offshore wind farms (OWFs) to the onshore system. Amidst the available VSC topologies, Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC) topology is the most appropriate solution for the transfer of offshore wind power to onshore systems due to their enhanced performance during offshore and onshore disturbances. However, the currently deployed state-of-the-art MMC-HVDC transmission has a maximum capacity of 1.2 GW. Compatibility of this available technology for complex systems, with the working of parallel units contributing to the increase in power transfer capacity is still unknown. Hence, this demands the development and analysis of a generic model with parallel operation of MMC-HVDC transmission systems to transfer the bulk amount of power from large scale OWFs.

Additionally, the implementation of large scale offshore networks leads to an increase in the penetration of power electronic (PE) converters in the electrical power system. The increase in PE converters causes technical challenges (e.g. due to unprecedented fast dynamic phenomena) related to voltage and frequency stability, and power flow coordination in the power system. In OWFs, the currently available current injection-based voltage control for PE converters are not suitable for voltage control in large scale PE dominated systems due to the absence of continuous voltage control and ineffectiveness during islanding. Moreover, in such power systems, the conventional controllers are not suitable for frequency control due to the absence of dynamic frequency control. Therefore, better control strategies are required in large scale offshore networks to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the power system.

Conventionally, the OWFs are coupled to an AC collector platform through 33 kV High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) cables. The voltage is stepped-up to 145 kV at the collector platform, and power is transferred to the offshore converter station using 145 kV HVAC cables. However, in the upcoming projects, the rated voltage levels are expected to increase from 33 kV to 66 kV to avoid the use of such a collector platform and directly transfer power from OWFs to the offshore converter station using 66 kV HVAC cables. Hence, it would be better to understand the performance of large scale offshore networks developed with 66 kV voltage rating.

This thesis proposes a digital twin model of a 2 GW offshore network with the parallel operation of two MMC-HVDC transmission links connecting four OWFs to two onshore systems representing a large scale power system. The MMCs are connected to a common bus on the AC side of the network, with one MMC creating the voltage reference for the common bus and the other MMC following this reference. Additionally, to mitigate the challenges corresponding to voltage and frequency stability in large scale offshore networks, a Direct Voltage Control (DVC) strategy is implemented in the Type-4 Wind Generators (WGs) representing the OWFs. After analyzing the need for 66 kV HVAC transmission from the OWFs to the offshore converter stations, a 66 kV offshore network is developed to achieve 2 GW offshore wind power transfer. The electrical power system is developed in the power system simulation software, RSCAD Version 5.011.1, in order to perform Electro-Magnetic Transient (EMT) based simulations.

Initially, a single OWF with DVC implemented in the WG connected to an AC equivalent system is modelled to test the performance of DVC in a digital twin of a 66 kV HVAC network. The DVC provides continuous voltage control that improves the dynamic performance of the power system. As mentioned in most of the grid codes, the important requirement of reactive power injection by the OWF during dynamic conditions is satisfied by the controller. DVC also avoids the need for an external controller to perform such an action. To validate the working of the implemented DVC in RSCAD, a similar 66 kV HVAC network with the benchmark DVC model is developed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019 SP2 (x64), for EMT simulations and tested under severe dynamic conditions. Both the models provide similar results, confirming the validation of the RSCAD model. Moreover, the RSCAD model provides a better representation of the real-world operation.

To achieve the overall goal of developing a 2 GW offshore transmission network, a hybrid system with the hub-and-spoke principle is utilized in this thesis. The 2 GW offshore network is achieved by a modular approach, connecting four OWFs to a common bus, to which two MMCs are connected in parallel. The coordination between the implemented DVC in WGs and the control structures in MMCs is evaluated for different scenarios in the network. The performance of the 2 GW network in terms of short-term voltage stability and power flow during severe dynamic conditions in the grid is analyzed. The two most severe dynamic conditions chosen for assessment are; the disconnection of one OWF, and a three-phase fault in the middle of an HVAC cable. In the analysis, it is observed that even after the loss of generation from one OWF, the voltage at Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of other OWFs remains stable within the tolerance limit of $\pm$ 10 \%. Additionally, the loss of generation decreases the active power flow in MMC-1 since it is the one that creates the voltage reference. The power flow in MMC-2 is maintained with the corresponding active power reference. For the event of a three-phase fault, the OWF is islanded by the operation of a circuit breaker. During this event, with implemented DVC, the important requirement of reactive power injection from the islanded OWF as stated in most of the grid codes is achieved. This leads to the conclusion that the voltage control in MMC-1 provides the voltage reference in the network during the pre-fault and post fault conditions. However, DVC implemented in the WGs of OWFs take up the role of providing the voltage reference at corresponding PCCs when the OWFs are islanded from the network during the time of the fault.

The modern world demands more and more electric energy. At the same time, almost a billion more people are expected to gain access to electricity over the next decade. All of the above compose a very challenging future, where a continuously increasing amount of electric energy will be needed. However, the planet is not able to provide us anymore with the necessary resources for that, jeopardizing the environmental stability. The aim of this thesis is the design and testing of power electronics converters that will contribute positively to the production and distribution of sustainable energy. In particular, a Maximum Power Point Tracking Converter is designed and tested. The 6.4kW converter is able to connect to two separate PV strings. The output of the converter is connected to a bipolar DC distribution grid. Afterwards, a 3.68kW Voltage Balancing Converter was designed for the stabilization of the voltage between the two phases of a bipolar DC grid. Particular interest is given to the challenges that arouse for the power supply of a DC Micro-Grid from a Photo-Voltaic plant. The project took place in the DC lab of the company DC Opportunities.

The connection of offshore wind turbines to the European grid has been growing in the recent years. Many European countries are adopting this renewable energy and are increasing the number of wind power plant additions into their electrical transmission networks. Due to the phase out of conventional power plants (e.g. fossil fuel fired), new challenges are arising in terms of inertia, frequency stability, voltage stability and power quality, being the latter the main focus in the present work. It is important to study the harmonic frequencies that the wind parks are going to introduce in the electrical grid and how the grid is going to respond to this sustainable energy addition. The classical methods to identify the harmonics frequencies and to assess the stability in an electrical power system are performed by considering single-input single-output (SISO) systems. Nevertheless, when modelling a power system as a SISO system, information about the dynamics of the elements in the system is neglected. To overcome this disadvantage, a representation with more than one input and one output, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, can be considered. The present works concerns with the development of a method for studying the harmonic frequencies of any electrical power system. Since the main elements in the grid that contribute to the creation of harmonic frequencies are the inductances and the capacitances of the transmission lines and underground cables, the present work will focus on these passive elements and it will represent the transmission lines as PI sections and the underground cables as ``fitted PI'' sections. These representations are SISO systems, because the have only a voltage signal, measured in the sending end of a transmission branch, as input; and a voltage signal, measured in the receiving end of a transmission branch, as output. Therefore, it is necessary to find an approach to build a MIMO system. This is done via a concatenation of SISO linear-time-invariant (LTI) systems to create a MIMO system. Afterwards, the MIMO system is studied with a powerful mathematical tool called the singular value decomposition that not only will give information about the harmonic frequencies in the system, but it will show it is also possible to study which input of the system is affecting the system the most and which output will be the most affected. To finish the research, a sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to the variation of the capacitances and inductances in the transmission lines and the underground cables. This analysis will evaluate possible variations in the harmonic response of the MIMO system.

The proposed method to investigate the harmonic frequencies of an electrical power system can be applied to any power system. For sake of illustration of application, two different power system models are addressed. First, to understand each step in the method a small size test system is studied. This study shows how to apply the method and illustrates how to interpret the evaluation outcomes. Subsequently, a synthetic model of the Randstad regional transmission network is used to test the method in a relatively larger system model. This case study is of great importance due to the new wind parks that are going to be connected to this region in the coming years. Therefore, the harmonic frequencies observed in the synthetic model of the Randstad region will be obtained and an assessment of which transmission line or underground cable is the most affected by the harmonics in the system will be performed.

The production and consumption of energy in all walks of life is moving towards a greener and more sustainable mix of energy sources away from the traditional sources of coal and gas. With this shift, more renewable energy is expected to be integrated into the grid replacing conventional synchronous generators. In such conditions, the stability of the grid becomes a major concern due to the lack of inertia with the loss of base load generators. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop flexible solutions like Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to provide ancillary services. Current research tackles it with a piecemeal approach towards frequency and voltage stability. As a result, different types of controller
topology are currently used to get each electrical parameter within the acceptable tolerance limits The contribution of this paper is to build an integrated controller based on droop control to tackle the two parameters of voltage and frequency stability simultaneously with one controller in a holistic fashion. To achieve this goal of demonstrating integrated control, different control schemes were tested and compared in terms of performance with respect to frequency control. The application of the above mentioned integrated control in a decentralized controller environment like a virtual power plant (VPP) was also demonstrated. The testing and design of the control schemes and BESS was done via benchmark models built for real time digital simulation (RTDS). The results show that the control schemes employed in the BESS can effectively contribute towards providing ancillary services in a holistic manner.

Wireless power transfer is getting more attention than ever before but seems to be lagging in the go-kart industry. Manufacturers are designing more electric powered go-karts, but haven’t found a proper solution for most of its major drawbacks. The added weight from the battery pack and the required time to recharge are just two of these major drawbacks. These drawbacks make electric go-karts less desired in the rental industry, where turn-around-time is required to be as short as possible; in order to maximize profit. An Inductive Power Transfer System can be used to charge the battery pack of an electric go-kart statically in the pit-lane, but also dynamically on the track. Both of which are shown to reduce the required size of the battery-pack of electric cars and busses. This study determined the feasibility of an IPTS on go-karts, considering the current state of the art, in order to solve these drawbacks. The design of the charger was optimized for a go-kart while keeping its most important features the same. A safety analysis was performed using a FEM-program to see whether the system can be used by the public. The go-kart with the charger was modeled and simulations were used to determine the required size of the battery pack in a case-study. The results of this case-study were used to evaluate the financial viability of an IPTS on go-karts.

Multiple solutions for solving optimal power flow (OPF) have been employed, most of them using a centralised approach. However, there is another approach where every node is responsible for the local problem in order to reach a solution: the decentralised optimal power flow (D-OPF). In this thesis, the aim was to improve the speed and flexibility of a D-OPF algorithm based on the Consensus and Innovation (C+I) method using physical measurements from a direct current (DC) system. While in previous implementations, the system would work towards finding the solution for one point in time, the suggested implementation works by performing online optimisation, meaning that there is less time required in propagating information around the system and faster solutions are reached. A possible interaction between the physical and optimisation layers was suggested, to make online control feasible. Using current droop control for a DC system, it was possible to react to sudden changes the system and, in the long term, optimise the electrical resources. The improvements in speed were then demonstrated by the simulations results, where the time to reach the optimal solution was reduced, when compared to previous implementations. In order to increase the flexibility of the system, adaptive behaviour for the critical optimisation variables was suggested. To reduce the oscillatory behaviour of the system, some gains were made proportional to rate of change of said variables, meaning that the system didn't have to rely on user determine values in order to converge. It was also implemented a solution to calculate the line resistance between two nodes, further reducing the need for external inputs. These implementations were tested and it was concluded that it improved convergence speeds, while increasing the flexibility pf the system. Finally, a test case, based on a real existing lighting grid, was designed in order to test the algorithm under larger networks. The results showed that for a 25% increase in the size of the network there was no significant increase in the time required to reach a solution, indicating that the system can be scaled further, and might be dependent mainly on the network structure, and not its size.

A hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation is a cost and time effective method to develop a simulation environment of an electric vehicle's powertrain. Control algorithms can be programmed into a digital signal processor and tested with real-time simulations of electrical machines and power electronic converters, eliminating the need for developing real prototypes. Consequently, this project aims to develop a simulation environment for electric vehicle research by implementing a HIL simulation of an EV powertrain computer model and an external hardware controller. The proposed HIL simulation runs in real time the transmission, inverter, and PMSM models of an EV powertrain inside an OP5700 simulator. On the other hand, the controller algorithm is executed from a TI LaunchXL-F28379D board. The controller samples current and rotor position signals from the motor model through the analog outputs of the simulator, and generates a PWM signal as a command to the inverter computer model. In addition, a software in the loop (SIL) simulation is implemented, running the controller algorithm in the real-time simulator's CPU to test the control strategy before moving on to the hardware implementation. The powertrain specifications are based on the released information of a battery-electric vehicle on the market. The HIL controller's FOC algorithm is based on MTPA and flux-weakening strategies from the reviewed literature. The simulation results show the expected behaviour from the inverter's phase voltages, stator currents and the output torque of the simulated electric motor model. Finally, the response of the developed SIL and HIL simulations to a reference drive cycle is analysed, and the results validate the implemented controller algorithm and powertrain model.

In order to enable the current cordless kitchen system to the 3.68 kW power level, measures needs to be taken to reduce the mains harmonics. The problem is that with the increase of the power level from 2.40 kW to 3.68 kW, the amplitude of the undesired harmonics in mains current will exceed the limit according the mains harmonics standard (IEC). Hence, this project aims to investigate means and measures to reduce the undesired mains harmonics.
In the cordless kitchen system, the mains harmonics are generated due to the existence of the communication time slot around the zero crossing of the mains voltage. The background of having a communication time slot in this system is introduced in detail in section 2. To remove the negative effect of communication time slot on the mains harmonics, a compensator is built which is connected in parallel with the DC input terminals of the existing transmitter stage. The compensator can fix the mains current, such that the amplitude of undesired harmonics are reduced.
The compensator consist of a Boost converter and a Buck converter. The duty cycles of the two converters depend on the compensation current needed. Therefore a current sensor, a zero crossing detector and a control circuit were developed and described in this report.
Finally, the simulation result and practical result are provided and evaluated. As a result of this work, the amplitudes of the mains harmonics are significantly reduced, such that the cordless kitchen system meets the standards for mains harmonics.

The growing attention on renewable energy has already brought a rapid evolution in this field. As one of the most abundant energy on this planet, the solar energy starts to play an important role in the energy market. Various policies have already been proposed to encourage the renewable energy development. With the PV panels involved in the system, consumers can sell the extra energy from the PV panels' generation back to the grid, which makes them become prosumers. However, the PV panels generation cannot perfectly match the load peak, therefore, different power management methods are proposed to better schedule the power flow inside the grid-connected PV system. On the other hand, different tariff structures could also lead to the different energy bill. The prosumers also want to better allocate their load profiles to better suit for the tariff policies. Therefore, to find a suitable combination of power management method and electricity tariff are interested by prosumers.

This thesis aims at finding a suitable combination of power management method and electricity tariff for the prosumers based on the final energy bill. Four different power management methods are proposed to schedule the power flow inside the grid-connected PV system. The power flow data are simulated together with different tariff structures to calculate the final energy bill. A new method to generate the real-time electricity buy-in price is introduced, and four new feed-in tariff structures are designed with different compensation policies. Together with the power flow scheduled by power management methods, the final energy bill is calculated.

It is concluded that at least one of newly designed tariff structures can give a better or almost the same performance when compared with the existed tariff structures, and based on the final energy bill, a suitable combination of power management method and electricity tariff for prosumers can be found for the target countries/region.