Adaptability, in contemporary architecture, is defined as the capacity of a building to effectively accommodate the evolving demands of its context, thus maximizing its value through life. On the other hand, there is the concept of cultural significance, which addresses the attributes and values of cultural heritage buildings and justifies their designated status.
The negative reputation and/or lack of recognition received by these typologies of housing have an impact on the protection of these buildings today. Although parts of the urban design of Amsterdam Nieuw-West have received recognition of significance, unfortunately, this is not the case for all the architecture of the buildings, of which many have been demolished or transformed without consideration of their potential cultural significance. Potential obsolescence, changed demographics, and rapidly growing demands for energy efficiency, as well as new living standards, all threaten these buildings with demolition or modification before their historic or artistic attributes can even be recognized. Many of the issues stated above continue to be common today, showing a lack of advancement towards adaptable post-war housing.
This research report tries to integrate research methods on attributes with research methods on adaptability. This kind of approach could diversify concepts and reveal complementary characteristics regarding the significance of post-war housing blocks by linking them to adaptability.
The framework used in this research is divided into two distinct parts. Firstly, the classification of building layers and elements; subsequent internal and external connections and attributes; and secondly, the interpretation of all the aforementioned in a dependency structure matrix, revealing relationships, areas of synergy, and associated attributes.
By fusing these different methods, an integrated approach was developed to study post-war housing blocks and reveal the connections between significance and adaptability. To find areas of synergy between these two domains in order to contribute to the development of architecture that genuinely uses change for greater significance.

Urban vitality is a concept reflecting the synergistic interplay of complex conditions that create a city's liveliness and significantly influence its livability. Distributing central area density becomes important in cities like Amsterdam, which face challenges such as housing shortages and overtourism in central areas. Consequently, enhancing the livability of areas outside the city center is essential. Livability also contributes to conserving the historic urban landscape and affects the city's sustainability. This study focuses on urban vitality as a means to enhance livability.

The primary objective of this research is to identify the conditions that affect the urban vitality of a neighborhood center and explore how these conditions can be applied to redesign. The case study focuses on Plein ‘40-‘45, a historic square and neighborhood center located in Amsterdam Nieuw-West. Enhancing the urban vitality of this square is expected to improve this area's livability, alleviate Amsterdam’s urban problems, and positively impact the conservation of the historic urban landscape.

As a methodology for this research, a comparative case study was conducted to examine how to improve the use composition of this square. The comparative case is Spui, located in Amsterdam Centrum, a touristic place and already a lively square, where a comparison of the diversity and density of uses was made. In particular, the observation method was used to examine the relationship between uses and pedestrian activities. This method is particularly useful for identifying public life characteristics in a relatively small urban area like a square.

Meanwhile, the Amsterdam Nieuw-West, also known as the Western Garden Cities, has been recognized by The Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands for its urban and green environment and structure as having historic significance. Therefore, a literature review was conducted to study how the square redesign should improve the green environment while respecting the urban and green structure.

The conclusion of this study shows that Plein ‘40-‘45 is primarily focused on residents in terms of use. For this square and neighborhood center to develop into an urban center, it needs to offer diverse and attractive uses for visitors and tourists. Additionally, improving the diversity and density of the green environment and providing green connections in the area are important from the perspectives of urban and green structures.

This master’s thesis was written as part of the graduation studio “Heritage & Architecture: Adapting 20th Century Heritage: Resourceful Housing” at Delft University of Technology. The cultural significance of buildings is increasingly recognized, with heritage structures offering glimpses into the past. Building preservation is evolving from simple protection to an integral part of sustainable urban growth, with adaptive reuse being a more effective approach.

In the Netherlands, schools are rapidly disappearing, primarily due to demolition driven by the new “Frisse Scholen” initiative by the RVO. Additionally, the declining number of students in both primary and secondary schools is causing further issues. According to Rijksoverheid (2023), merging two or more schools is a proposed solution to address the decrease in student numbers. This process leaves one or more school buildings vacant, presenting an opportunity for adaptive reuse projects.
Furthermore, the Netherlands is currently facing a housing shortage, with almost 400,000 dwellings needed. The current housing crisis demands more typologies and space for new homes. By combining the preservation of (post-war) school buildings with the need for housing, adaptive reuse strategies can transform heritage school buildings into residential spaces. Research on the intersection of these issues and the transformation of school buildings is still limited.

This thesis employs a mixed-method approach. A general comparative case study was conducted using the four approaches to building transformation by Hans Ibelings and Diederendirrix (2018). This framework was enhanced with a grid and spectrum system to classify and analyze the research cases. Further analysis utilized the "black/yellow/red" method to illustrate building adaptations. The value framework by Pereira Roders (2007) guided the identification of primary values. The research classified all cases as having either a repurpose or regenerate approach. Overviews of interventions were created, highlighting added and removed materials for one case.

Translating research into design, the Rendorpschool was studied to assess the impact on building fabric and environment of various typologies. Scenarios were evaluated based on three aspects: living quality, cultural value, and resourcefulness. The findings indicated that variants with better living quality had slightly less added volume, thus requiring fewer resources.

This thesis holds relevance for other designers. The school building intervention overviews provide a concise, visual summary of all interventions and can serve as a starting point for evaluating the comparative qualities of various interventions. It ensures that data for the three key features—interior building fabric, exterior building fabric, and function—is available. This research contributes not only to the societal impact of strategies to reuse vacant buildings but also offers professionals a tool for assessing interventions in school transformations into housing. The conclusions from the design phase can help apply results to other school transformations, understanding the impact of decisions on building volume and environmental impact, and aiding in the selection of appropriate typologies for their projects.

When looking at a country like Oman that is abundant in its historical and cultural heritage, it is apparent that these aspects have a huge role in shaping this country’s identity, and remains to this day engraved in different parts of its built environment. However, the values and opportunities of cultural heritage are increasingly overlooked in urban developments, due to the misconception that it might not fit in the mold or vision that developers are creating with trends of “smart, high-tech, innovative cities”. This strongly applies to countries in the Middle-East as they attempt to replicate existing successful developments, while disregarding the context of the area, culture, and identity that distinguishes them and makes them unique, as a result; this has led to failed schemes and unavoidable lack of identity in these projects. Integrating certain aspects of cultural heritage in urban developments could be of high value to a city, creating several opportunities that cultivate the success of future developments. In order to accomplish a successfully integrated project that combines the area “Port” and city, old with the new, past and future, it is important for stakeholders; from both public and private sectors are involved in the decision making process, taking cultural heritage into consideration. Subsequently, the notion of integrating cultural heritage in sustainable developments arises, and by using the contributions of cultural heritage towards influencing the stakeholder’s decision making process; taking into account the necessity of incorporating cultural heritage into their visions. However, with upcoming future developments in Oman, it becomes clear that there are certain challenges that come with forming strategies, and implementing them from both private and public sectors perspectives that remains challenging due to poor collaboration. This research aims to fill in the gap in literature on a specific part of culture integration; which is cultural heritage and its value in sustainable waterfront regenerations. Through identifying the contributions that cultural heritage provide for sustainable waterfront developments, and what opportunities it could create for the society, economy and tourism development of the city, the process of implementation and integration can then be steered by integrating the right management tools in regards to conservation of heritage.