In geothermal projects, reinjection of produced water has been widely applied for disposing wastewater, supplying heat exchange media and maintaining reservoir pressure. Accordingly, it is a key process for environmental and well performance assessment, which partly controls the success of projects. However, the injectivity, a measure of how easily fluids can be reinjected into reservoirs, is influenced by various processes throughout installation and operation. Both injectivity decline and enhancement have been reported during reinjection operations, while most current studies tend to only focus on one aspect. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on how the injectivity can be influenced during reinjection, both positively and negatively. This includes a detailed overview of the different clogging mechanisms, in which decreasing reservoir temperature plays a major role, leading to injectivity decline. Strategies to avoid and recover from injectivity reduction are also introduced. Followed is an overview of mechanisms underlying injectivity enhancement during reinjection, wherein re-opening/shearing of pre-existing fractures and thermal cracking have been identified as the main contributors. In practice, nevertheless, mixed-mechanism processes play a key role during reinjection. Finally, this review provides an outlook on future research directions that can enhance the understanding of injectivity-related issues.

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This article describes the effects of different physico-chemical factors on formation damage caused by migration of in situ clay particles as a result of water injection into a clastic reservoir.

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The number of geothermal operations worldwide has been actively growing over the last decades. To increase their efficiency, prevent reservoir depletion and avoid environmental issues, produced water is commonly reinjected. Despite these benefits of fluid reinjection, various clogging problems resulting in injectivity decline have been reported by field operators. Research on individual clogging mechanisms is published in various studies. However, fluid injectivity problems are still widely faced, leading to decreased overall productivity and even abandonment of some wells. Therefore, it is essential to better understand reasons of fluid pathway clogging processes and especially their interactions to efficiently predict and prevent them. In this research, we present a theoretical analysis of different clogging mechanisms. The influence of various parameters on different clogging mechanisms from existing experimental studies and field reports has been reviewed and summarized. Additionally, we compared these experimental literature concepts with a real case study of a running geothermal field facing clogging problems in the Netherlands. The study includes a detailed analysis of production data, as well as fluid and filter sample analyses. Results show correlation patterns between concentration changes of chemical species in the fluid, as well as influence of injection parameters (temperature, flow rate) on injectivity. The outcomes were compared to literature examples to generalize the conclusions. This will allow an improved understanding of processes occurring in geothermal fluids during fluid production and reinjection. As a next step of this research, more field data will be analyzed to identify similar trends and correlations as well as the interdependency of injectivity problems. @en