Valuable and rare materials in seawater brine are often discarded during desalination. However, there is an increasing focus on recovering these resources, due to the economic and environmental opportunities it can bring. Despite this shift, current Sustainability Assessments (SA) in desalination overlook the brine handling and social dimensions, and brine treatment assessments remain centered on techno-economic dimensions. This work proposes a comprehensive framework for the SA of integrated desalination and resource recovery options, focusing on recovering valuable materials from brine. The framework not only evaluates pre-defined systems but supports the identification of system features of interest, such as products to assess and technologies to include, as well as the transparent selection of indicators, considering specific contexts. To develop this framework, a review of the literature on SA in desalination and brine treatment systems was conducted. Looking at the identified gaps, we synthesized the findings and key messages and proposed the integration of Multi-Criteria Analysis and Value-Sensitive Design in the decision-making process. This allows stakeholders to be involved and incorporates their values at different stages of the assessment, making it distinct from traditional SA methods. This framework offers structured guidance to stakeholders on how to carry out qualitative and quantitative assessments while ensuring transparency in the assessment process.@en

Water scarcity in arid regions has driven the spread of desalination. These systems contribute to water access but come at an intensive energy cost, and lead to brine discharge and associated environmental impacts. This work aims to investigate emerging societal issues and tensions when developing and implementing a thermal desalination system to produce irrigation water in the South of Spain. This has been done in a demonstration system for solar desalination able to recover water and salts from desalination brine. For this purpose, a context-sensitive design exercise has been implemented. First, tensions between social values expressed by diverse stakeholders have been identified. Then, a set of technical scenarios for the full-scale implementation of the system were designed and evaluated, comparing them to conventional membrane desalination. The analysis indicates high economic and energy costs to avoid the environmental impacts of increasing water production.

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The transition to seawater desalination integrated with resource recovery, particularly in water- and energy-scarce regions, requires innovative approaches that consider societal benefits and costs. This study goes beyond traditional techno-economic evaluations by employing a Value-Sensitive Design (VSD) approach, which guides the selection of performance indicators and informs the design of technical scenarios for integrated seawater desalination and brine treatment systems. VSD ensures that the scenarios are socially relevant by directly incorporating stakeholder values into the design and assessment process. Four technical scenarios (Sc) were used to evaluate the VSD approach: Sc1) maximum water recovery, Sc2) and Sc3) integrated desalination with brine treatment for maximum resource recovery (using different configurations) and Sc4) electricity-based desalination for chemical recovery. Techno-economic models are implemented using Python to analyse the feasibility and performance of these scenarios. The modelling results indicate that all scenarios achieve zero brine production. However, the trade-offs between resource recovery and greenhouse gas emissions are evident. Increased salt recovery leads to higher CO2 emissions (locally) due to electricity consumption. Scenario 1 minimized electrical energy consumption and emissions while maximizing water production. Scenarios 2 and 3 performed best in water and high-quality salt production. Despite its higher CO2 emissions, Scenario 4 proved most profitable due to the production of chemicals. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring plant designs to regional needs. By providing a comprehensive understanding of trade-offs, the VSD approach fosters stakeholder dialogue and serves as a valuable decision-making tool for designing sustainable desalination systems.@en

Next to the challenges of paramount importance represented by water scarcity, food security, energy transition, and environmental protection issues, the obstacles faced on the matter of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are immense. WASH interventions are essential to support human health, prosperity, and dignity, as they provide the base for an adequate standard of living. In many low- and middle- income countries, especially in rural and low-income areas, decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) can offer a solution to convey, treat, and dispose of or reuse wastewater closer to the source and through smaller conveyance networks. In Indonesia, and as such in the Brantas basin on East Java, focus area of this study, the government has recognized DEWATS as their best available option for improving sanitation in dense low-income urban settings. Although the percentage of households with access to proper sanitation in the province of East Java has been increasing steadily, service coverage and the quality of sanitation systems still need to be increased to reach the desired coverage by 2024. Similar to other fields of application, within WASH and concerning DEWATS, stakeholders engagement, ethics and gender dimension are key topics to develop and strengthen integrated approaches. It is challenging to formulate targeted interventions in the watershed since they depend on the willing support of various stakeholders who may have different priorities (even within their own institutions), having diverse (and sometimes conflicting) viewpoints. This may result in stakeholders strongly contesting the appropriateness of various solutions. An exploration of stakeholder priorities is therefore needed to facilitate the application of wastewater treatment technologies. Due to its participatory approach and the type of interpretation that the method allows, Q-methodology was selected to explore this situation. Q-methodology is a set of techniques which allow for the study of ‘subjectivity’, combining statistics with the depth provided by qualitative data. It is composed of the data collection technique (called Q-sorting) and a data analysis step via correlation and factor analysis. In this contribution, we explore the perspectives and priorities of various stakeholders regarding decentralized wastewater treatment solutions to assess the applicability and acceptability of DEWATS in the Brantas river basin. This allows us to identify context-based criteria and challenges to the implementation of DEWATS in the Brantas watershed. As such, we propose the Q-methodology as a strong methodology to further develop the required transdisciplinary scientific efforts to promote relevant insights and solutions through meaningful, pertinent, and effective stakeholder engagement.@en

This work explores resource recovery coupled to seawater desalination in small islands. As small islands depend on seawater desalination for water access, they make an excellent ground for exploring the trade-offs associated to resource recovery, like potential economic gains, energy use, and environmental impacts. Here, we investigated these tensions in the context of Lampedusa, in Italy. We then developed and evaluated scenarios for the recovery of additional water, Mg, and other resources from brines, to identify if and how resource recovery is an interesting approach for the island vis-à-vis these tensions. We have found that the potential to increase water production with water recovery from brine is an interesting alternative for small islands, especially when harnessing waste heat. However, while some technologies offer possibilities for recovering additional resources, in places like small islands the potential benefits from additional recovery do not seem to justify the costs to the local system.

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The recovery of resources, including water reuse, has been presented as a solution to overcome scarcity, and improve the economic and environmental performance of water provision and treatment. However, its implementation faces non-technical challenges, including the need to collaborate with new stakeholders and face societal acceptance issues. Looking at the prominence of the circular economy in current policy developments and the challenges to resource recovery, exploring these issues is urgently needed. In this work, we reviewed a broad range of literature to identify societal values relevant to the recovery of water and other resources from wastewaters, particularly urban and industrial wastewater and desalination brines. We discuss tensions and uncertainties around these values, such as the tension between socio-economic expectations of resource recovery and potential long-term sustainability impacts, as well as uncertainties regarding safety and regulations. For addressing these tensions and uncertainties, we suggest aligning common methods in engineering and the natural sciences with Responsible Innovation approaches, such as Value Sensitive Design and Safe-by-Design. To complement Responsible Innovation, social learning with a Sustainability Transitions or Adaptive Governance perspective is suggested.

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Aviation biofuels are promising to reduce carbon emissions in the aviation sector. However, emerging concerns over biofuels indicate a need for sustainability analyses that take into consideration the context around biofuel production. Here, we present a novel ex-ante sustainability analysis of production alternatives for aviation biofuel in Southeast Brazil. Considering local stakeholders’ concerns, the analysis is focused on climate change, commercial acceptability, efficiency, energy security, investment security, profitability, social development, and soil sustainability. By identifying tensions between production alternatives and these sustainability aspects, we discuss opportunities for further developments, such as sugarcane ethanol-to-jet production in the short term, and in-house production of hydrogen and power with renewable energy. Additionally, producer–operator partnerships and opening the decision-making to stakeholder participation are suggested to stimulate social cohesion, and reconcile diverging interests with biobased production. Analyzing sustainability with consideration of the local context can contribute to identify opportunities for more sustainable decarbonization alternatives.

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This paper investigates green hydrogen and bio-based sustainable aviation fuels, including their production technology and feedstock, in combination with Clean Sky 2 propulsion technologies and novel hydrogen-powered propulsion technologies. The impact that these alternative aviation fuels and propulsion technologies can have on greenhouse gas emissions is identified and the demand for alternative aviation fuels is compared with their expected availability, both until 2050.

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The TRANSCEND project (as part of the Clean Sky 2 Technology Evaluator) aims to develop roadmaps for full scale entry-into-service of selected propulsion technologies and alternative fuels in the period 2035-2050, in line the emission target of FlightPath-2050 for the period 2035-2050. In this work we present the selection of six sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) that will be included in TRANSCEND road-mapping. The full context of TRANSCEND and its findings for promising propulsion technologies are introduced in the complementary presentation: “Review of novel propulsion technologies for sustainable aviation from TRANSCEND” by Johan Kos. The reviewed SAFs included bio-based fuels and e-fuels as drop-in SAFs, and non-drop-in energy sources (here hydrogen). As part of the literature review, 19 groups of production technologies for SAF were initially identified, from which 5 technologies were discarded in the screening process due to either potential limitations on scalability or it very early technological development stage (i.e. very low Technology Readiness Levels). Subsequently, the 14 remaining technologies were comparatively analyzed for both their unitary production costs (i.e. costs per unit of usable energy [€/MJ]) and unitary greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (i.e. CO2-eq. per unit of usable energy [CO2-eq./MJ]). As a result, five promising SAF production routes were pre-selected for further discussion with experts in a workshop; and at the end of the session six SAFs were selected for further evaluation in the roadmap, they are: hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), Fisher-Tropsch process (FT), fast pyrolysis (FP), Alcohol to Jet (ATJ), power-to-liquid (PtL) for e-fuel via Fisher-Tropsch, and alkaline electrolysis (AE) for hydrogen. Finally, the data collected on the life cycle GHG emissions, for most the relevant alternative energy sources and production routes, were used to develop an open Microsoft Excel based tool (the “Ecological Balance Sheet”) to quickly estimate a range of expected GHG emissions and the potential emissions savings of a production chain (based on similar systems already reported in literature).@en

Biobased production has been promoted as an alternative to fossil-based production to mitigate climate change. However, emerging concerns over the sustainability of biobased products have shown that tensions can emerge between different objectives and concerns, like emission reduction targets and food security, and that these are dependent on local contexts. Here we present the Open Sustainability-in-Design (OSiD) framework, the aim of which is to integrate a context-sensitive sustainability analysis in the conceptual design of biobased processes. The framework is illustrated, taking as an example the production of sustainable aviation fuel in southeast Brazil. The OSiD framework is a novel concept that brings the perspectives of stakeholders and considerations of the regional context to an ex ante sustainability analysis of biobased production. This work also illustrates a way to integrate methods from different scientific disciplines supporting the analysis of sustainability and the identification of tensions between different sustainability aspects. Making these tensions explicit early in the development of biobased production can make them more responsive to emerging sustainability concerns. Considering the global pressure to reduce carbon emissions, situating sustainability analyses in their socio-technical contexts as presented here can help to explain and improve the impacts of biobased production in the transition away from fossil resources.

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Biobased production has been promoted as a sustainable alternative to fossil resources. However, controversies over its impact on sustainability highlight societal concerns, value tensions and uncertainties that have not been taken into account during its development. In this work, the consideration of stakeholders’ values in a biorefinery design project is investigated. Value sensitive design (VSD) is a promising approach to the design of technologies with consideration of stakeholders’ values, however, it is not directly applicable for complex systems like biorefineries. Therefore, some elements of VSD, such as the identification of relevant values and their connection to a technology’s features, are brought into biorefinery design practice. Midstream modulation (MM), an approach to promoting the consideration of societal aspects during research and development activities, is applied to promote reflection and value considerations during the design decision making. As result, it is shown that MM interventions during the design process led to new design alternatives in support of stakeholders' values, and allowed to recognize and respond to emerging value tensions within the scope of the project. In this way, the present work shows a novel approach for the technical investigation of VSD, especially for biorefineries. Also, based on this work it is argued that not only reflection, but also flexibility and openness are important for the application of VSD in the context of biorefinery design.

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The growth in biofuels’ investment brings with it concerns about the social and environmental impacts of the sector. Several tools and frameworks have been used to address these concerns, including the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) framework. This paper analyzes whether this framework can be applied in contexts where local culture and values shape differently the freedom of speech and engagement, such as in developing countries in which biofuel innovation projects are often implemented. A literature review focused on eight case studies of other authors was used to explore the role of “participation” as a structural element of the RRI framework and the impact of its absence where effective participation in the innovation development process is not possible. In conclusion, we highlight how this inspirational normative framework, designed to influence innovation, is misused to judge its impacts. More than that, the conclusions of such misused applications reflect more the difficulties involved in applying guidelines than the responsible character of the innovation, whose impacts are usually defined upfront materially and measurably.

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Biobased production has been presented as a sustainable alternative to the use of fossil resources. However, emerging controversies over the impacts of biofuels (on, e.g., land use, food, and energy security), made it clear that this production approach cannot be assumed to be inherently sustainable or unsustainable. Behind these controversies are unexplored uncertainties and assumptions made during the development of biofuel production, as well as limited considerations of the local context and the values of stakeholders upon its implementation. While these concerns do not necessarily relate to all biobased products, they do indicate that there are many aspects of sustainability besides those driving biobased production (i.e. the use of renewable resources, climate change mitigation), and that the relevance of some of these aspects depends on the local contexts and the values of stakeholders. This thesis presents an approach to the development of a more sustainable biobased production. Particularly, this thesis answers the question: “how can considerations of stakeholders and the local context be investigated and integrated into the early-stage design of biorefineries?” To answer this main question, the research in this thesis is structured around the design process. First, the motivation of this work and a review of the literature on biorefinery design is presented in Chapters 1 and 2. Then, by focusing on specific stages of the design process, the research is structured from the definition of the design space (Chapter 3), to the design decision making (Chapter 4) and the evaluation of design concepts (Chapter 5). In Chapter 6 the overall findings of this work are presented and integrated into a novel design approach for more sustainable biorefinery design. The presented approach not only allows to bring considerations of stakeholders’ values and the project context, it also opens the space to identify tensions between stakeholders’ values and sustainability aspects. By promoting the discussion of these tensions in the context of the project, the presented approach opens opportunities for responding to these tensions in the decision making for the development of biobased production...@en

Sustainable development has become an outstanding aspiration in our society. However, the meaning of sustainability and how it should be operationalized is a complex issue that depends on subjective beliefs and values. To advance toward sustainable biobased production, we present an approach to delimit the design space of biorefineries by considering stakeholders’ values. Concepts from Design for Values were taken as the starting point for this approach, which was further developed with a biojet fuel production case in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Design propositions that considered the interaction between stakeholders’ values, sustainability, and the production system were derived and used to suggest design space boundaries. These design boundaries are indicative, allowing for deliberation during future design activities. Through them, designers are prompted to actively reflect on the interaction between biorefinery systems and the socioeconomic and environmental context around them. By opening the design process to stakeholders’ values, we have developed a constructivist approach to incorporate sustainability in an inclusive and context-specific manner during the early stages of biorefinery design.

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The incorporation of sustainability in the design of biorefineries is central for the development of the biobased economy. In this paper sustainability methods and metrics in current biorefinery design practices are analyzed to identify challenges and opportunities for future improvements in the field. Generally, there is a need for an integral analysis that includes societal impacts and goes beyond the automatic use of metrics for predefined issues. Although efforts have been made to develop more integral sustainability analyses for biorefinery design, they are often challenged by disciplinary boundaries that yield a narrow scope of analysis (e.g. conversion process, supply chain), and are blind to contextual settings or stakeholder perspectives. Multi and trans-disciplinary, inclusive and context aware approaches are identified as opportunities to overcome them in future developments.

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Sustainable development has become a sought value in our society. However, the meaning of sustainability and how it should be operationalized is a complex issue that depends on subjective values and perspectives [1]. In order to advance towards sustainable biorefineries, we propose an approach for considering stakeholder’s values and perspectives for setting the design space of biorefinery projects. A biofuel production case in Southeastern Brazil is used to develop the approach based on elicited norms and values of stakeholders. From these values, design propositions that consider the interaction between biorefinery systems and the elicited values are used to suggest a design space boundary. These propositions are indicative, allowing for deliberation during their implementation. Thus, with this approach the design team can address the interaction between biorefinery systems and the socioeconomic and environmental context around them. Also, by opening the design process to stakeholders’ values, we propose a constructivist approach to incorporate sustainability in the early stages of biorefinery design.@en

The current production of palm oil produces large amounts of biomass residues, namely empty fruit bunches, shells, fibres, fronds, and trunks. The current worldwide demand for biomass-derived biochemical intermediates, provides the opportunity for converting these biomass residues into higher value products. In this design project,the feasibility of 2ndgeneration intermediates obtained from oil palm residues has been evaluated. The focus of the project has been the integration of a conversion process into the palm oil milling facilities, considering availability of residues at different scales. Thus, logistics implications regarding biomass sources, which are considered to have a large impact in biomass cost, are taken into account in the evaluation.After a preliminary evaluation of different alternatives, a fermentable sugars product is found as the most promising product for a 2ndgeneration palm-based biorefinery, based on economic margin, market opportunity, market size, process safety, and environmental impact. As part of the process design for the biomass transformation, it was found that a pre-treatment step is necessary due to the recalcitrant nature of the material. Several pre-treatment alternatives and their process implications were evaluated, indicating that acid catalysed steam explosion is the most suitable alternative. The resulting cellulosic fraction undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis to give fermentable sugars. Additional sugars are recovered when biomassavailable form plantation operationsis available.A preliminary evaluation of the process indicates that the benefits related to economies of scale are overwhelmed by the biomass transportation costs that larger scales imply, finding an optimum scale of three mills (biomass derived from operations of three palm oil mills) with capacity of 60 tonne FFB/h each. Following these initial findings, a more detailed computer model of the process was built in order to compare cases withbiomass derived from three and ten mills.An economic evaluation indicates that the process is profitable in both cases, with a payback in the third year of operation. As in the preliminary estimations, the proposed design results in total processing costs lower for the smaller scale, with 1 074and 1 120RM/tonne of sugar for the three-and ten-mill cases respectively. Sensitivity analysesindicate that the process profitability is more robust to changes on transportation distance amongst mills and sugar price when processing biomass derived from three mills.
OPBC PROJECT Mill Integrated Conversion of Palm Biomass to Commodity IntermediatesiiFurthermore, after a Life Cycle Assesment (LCA) it is found that the environmental impact of palm oil, as inEDIP 2003 methodology,is greatly reducedwhen the proposed process is included. The degree in which the impact is decreased depends on the considerations taken in the assessment, Bearing in mind the fermentable sugar productis a sugar replacement, the environmental impact of palm oil can be reducedat least39%. Although the assessment is based on rough considerations, given the scope of this design project this impact reductionis considered a good initial estimation of the benefits it can bring to the palm oil production.Overall, it is found that the proposed process can bring an economic benefit to palm oil mills, increasing the availability of renewable feedstocks for the chemical industryin Malaysia. It is found that larger scales result in highersugarproduction costs when transportation of biomass is considered. Thus, the profitability of the proposed process at lower scales is more robust to changes in fermentable sugar product price and transportation distance. Thus, it is considered that the processat a three-mill scale is a better alternative@en