To further improve the light management and optical performance of solar cells, research into nano-textured interfaces has led to a need for a fast and accurate wave optics model. Currently, within the PVMD group at the TU Delft an optical solar cell simulation tool, GenPro4, is being developed to allow for the quick optimization and analysis of solar cell designs. However, the implemented wave optics model has limited accuracy and thus an alternative model is sought.

In this thesis, we researched several rigorous wave optics simulation methods such as: finite element method, finite difference time domain, transfer matrix method, and rigorous coupled wave analysis. Based on three decision criteria (speed, accuracy, and compatibility) the choice of implementing rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) was made. Besides the standard RCWA formulations, a few improvements were made. S-matrices were used to increase
speed and memory efficiency of the program. Furthermore, calculation of the local E-field allowed for the determination of absorption per material in our cell. Lastly, an angular intensity distribution, known as scatter matrix, was produced as output to allow for the full integration with GenPro4.

We validated our new model by comparing results of a nano-textured GICS solar cell with previously conducted finite element method (FEM) simulations. Over a large wavelength range our model showed good agreement with the FEM data. However, slight inaccuracies were observed at longer wavelengths (>1000 nm) as simulation of the metal back reflector became infeasible. Highly absorbing materials, such as metals, potentially required several hundred Fourier modes to be modeled accurately. However, simulations with such a high number of Fourier modes is not feasible as the computer resources (RAM) and computational time
needed grow exponentially. Furthermore, for very small textures, RCWA converges with the GenPro4 flat model as is expected for sufficiently small textures.

Nevertheless, integration of RCWA with GenPro4 was achieved. To demonstrate the ability to quickly and easily simulate real work cell designs, a case study of a perovskite/silicon tandem cell was conducted. In the case study, a combination of 16 interface mythologies was simulated and compared. With the optimal combination showing a potential improvement of 2% over the reference cell.

OpenLabware is an ongoing trend to create easy to use, robust, and open source lab equipment at a fraction of the cost of commercial alternatives. One such a project is known as the OpenSpritzer designed by Forman et al. [8]. The OpenSpritzer claims to be a direct replacement of a pressure injection system (Picospritzer) that can be used to transfect zebrafish embryos with DNA encoded fluorescent proteins. By making use of an Arduino, a fast-acting solenoid, and a 3D printer an adaptation of this system was designed, modified, and built to provide a simple and consistent method of producing nanoliter droplets needed for embryonic injection. The new system proved reliable and showed a linear relationship between pressure, pulse duration, and bubble diameter. No precise volume calibration was achieved due to inconsistency in pipette tip size as well as other experimental errors. However, a graphic user interface (GUI) was produced to give greater control over the system. With the GUI a serial communication can be established between Python and the Arduino. This allows the user to precisely control pulse duration and program a sequence of pulses. When compared to the commercial alternative, the Picospritzer, this system is equal in performance and delivers greater control at a fraction of the cost.