Glomeruli filter blood through the coordination of podocytes, mesangial cells, fenestrated endothelial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane. Cellular changes, such as podocyte loss, are associated with pathologies like diabetic kidney disease. However, little is known regarding the in situ molecular profiles of specific cell types and how these profiles change with disease. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) is well-suited for untargeted tissue mapping of a wide range of molecular classes. Importantly, additional imaging modalities can be integrated with MALDI IMS to associate these biomolecular distributions to specific cell types. Here, we integrated workflow combining MALDI IMS and multiplexed immunofluorescence (MxIF) microscopy. High spatial resolution MALDI IMS (5 μm) was used to determine lipid distributions within human glomeruli from a normal portion of fresh-frozen kidney cancer nephrectomy tissue revealing intra-glomerular lipid heterogeneity. Mass spectrometric data were linked to specific glomerular cell types and substructures through new methods that enable MxIF microscopy to be performed on the same tissue section following MALDI IMS, without sacrificing signal quality from either modality. Machine learning approaches were combined enabling cell type segmentation and identification based on MxIF data. This was followed by mining of cell type or cluster-associated MALDI IMS signatures using classification and interpretable machine learning. This allowed automated discovery of spatially specific molecular markers for glomerular cell types and substructures as well as lipids correlated to deep and superficial glomeruli. Overall, our work establishes a toolbox for probing molecular signatures of glomerular cell types and substructures within tissue microenvironments providing a framework applicable to other kidney tissue features and organ systems.

Here, we describe the preservation and preparation of human kidney tissue for interrogation by histopathology, imaging mass spectrometry, and multiplexed immunofluorescence. Custom image registration and integration techniques are used to create cellular and molecular atlases of this organ system. Through careful optimization, we ensure high-quality and reproducible datasets suitable for cross-patient comparisons that are essential to understanding human health and disease. Moreover, each of these steps can be adapted to other organ systems or diseases, enabling additional atlas efforts.