Profiles of eddy momentum flux divergence are calculated as the residual in the momentum budget constructed from airborne circular dropsonde arrays ((Formula presented.) 220 km) for 13 days during the EUREC (Formula presented.) A/ATOMIC field campaign. The observed dynamical forcing averaged over all flights agrees broadly with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) forecasts. In the direction of the flow, a mean flux divergence (friction) exists over a 1.5-km deep Ekman layer, and a mean flux convergence (acceleration) is present near cloud tops. The friction is countergradient between 1 and 1.5 km, where vertical wind shear exceeds the observed thermal wind. From the frictional profile, a 10-m momentum flux of (Formula presented.) 0.1 N (Formula presented.) m (Formula presented.) is derived, in line with Saildrone turbulence measurements. A momentum flux divergence in the cross-wind direction is pronounced near the surface and acts to veer the wind, opposing the friction-induced cross-isobaric wind turning. Weaker friction and upper-level acceleration of easterly flow are observed when stronger winds and more vigorous convection prevail. Turbulence measurements on board the SAFIRE ATR-42 aircraft and the Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) RAAVEN reveal pronounced spatial variability of momentum fluxes, with a non-negligible contribution of mesoscales (5–30 km). The findings highlight the nontrivial impact of turbulence, convection, and mesoscale flows in the presence of diverse cloud fields on the depth and strength of the frictional layer.

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Atomic layer deposition on pharmaceutical particles for drug delivery applications is demonstrated using assisted fluidized bed dry powder processing. Complete and conformal layering is achieved on particle sizes from the lower micron to upper nanometer range under near ambient conditions. As few as 2-14 atomic alumina layers alter particle properties: dissolution, dispersibility and heat transfer.

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In order to quantitatively analyze and classify waterborne traffic flow complexity, a method of waterborne traffic flow complexity metric was proposed based on Lempel-Ziv algorithm and TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution). Firstly, Lempel-Ziv algorithm was used to obtain the complexity eigenvalues of measured time sequences of waterborne traffic flow and other compared sequences (periodic sequence, logistic sequence, Henon sequence and random sequence). Secondly, the close degree of each sequence was calculated by using TOPSIS. The class of complexity was divided by those close degrees of compared sequences. At last, the complexity degree of each sequence was represented by close degrees of time sequences of waterborne traffic flow and the complexity class. This complexity metric was carried out on the waterborne traffic flow of south channel of the Yangtze River. Calculation result shows that the correlation coefficient of complexity close degree of waterborne ship traffic flow is 0.6981 with the number of ship traffic accidents, and 0.7692 with the downside traffic flow of standard ships, respectively. The change trend is basically consistent, so the complexity close degree can reflect the complexity of waterborne ship traffic flow. The close degrees of periodic sequence and random sequence are 0.0001 and 0.9999, respectively. Meanwhile, the close degrees of logistic sequence and Henon sequence are 0.4492 and 0.5377, respectively. The close degrees of logistic sequence and Henon sequence are greater than periodic sequence and and less than random sequence. The close degrees of waterborne traffic flow from July to November in 2013 are 0.8280, 0.8527, 0.8565, 0.8237 and 0.8107, respectively, the complexity of waterborne traffic flow is basically consistent. The values of waterborne traffic flow are far greater than those of periodic sequence, locate between the values of Henon sequence and random sequence, and are closer to the value of random sequence, which shows that the waterborne traffic system is neither periodic nor completely stochastic. The complexity class of time sequence of waterborne traffic flow is Level 1, showing high complexity.@en

To investigate the groundwater levels changes effects on the transpiration of Salix psammophila (S. psammophila) bush, systemic measurements of meteorological conditions, sap flow of S. psammophila, soil water contents and groundwater levels were conducted in the Hailiutu River catchment, NW of China. Based on the collected field data, Hydrus-1D software package was used to calibrate water movement for root uptake in the saturated– unsaturated zone. The soil hydraulic parameters and root uptake function parameters were calibrated. The simulated results of soil water contents and sap flow fitted well with the observed ones. Based on the calibrated hydraulic parameters, different groundwater levels were imposed at the low boundary to simulate the groundwater levels changes effects on the transpiration. The relationship between ratio of actual transpiration and potential (T/Tp) and groundwater water table depth was established. The results shows that the ratio of actual transpiration and potential transpiration decreases with groundwater table depth increase as inverse ‘S’ shape. And the turn point is corresponding to the extinct depth, i.e., no groundwater contribution to S. psammophila transpiration. To further verify this phenomenon is universal, the soil hydraulic parameters were replaced with the other five groups in the calibrated forward model. The results confirmed the similar changes of Ta/Tp with the groundwater levels changed, i.e. inverse ‘S’ shape. However, the extinction depth is different corresponding to different soil hydraulic parameters. So, the research results indicated the relationship between transpiration and groundwater levels is non-linear function @en

A shape memory composite (SMC) coating with a self-healing ability was prepared by a facile method based on a thermoresponsive shape memory polymer (SMP) that utilized carnauba wax microparticles as the healing agent. Damages to the SMC coating was healed via heating, which triggered a two-step healing mechanism consisting of defect closure through a shape memory effect at 65 °C and then defect sealing by molten wax at 90 °C. The surface morphologies of the scratched and healed coatings as well as a wax-free SMP coating were first studied by optical stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To assess the recovery of the coating’s barrier properties, macroscopic and localized information was obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), respectively. The healing performance was also evaluated by comparing the macroscopic morphologies of the intact, damaged and healed coatings after long-term immersion. The results from both tests were in agreement and confirmed the key roles of carnauba wax microparticles in the complete recovery of the barrier properties of initially damaged coatings upon thermally assisted self-healing.@en