In recent years, the growth of motorcycle-based ride-hailing and delivery services has led to an increase in traffic crashes involving these riders. Previous studies have indicated that the behavior of ride-hailing and delivery riders is influenced by work demands and individual characteristics. However, the extent to which risky riding behaviors depend on the type of riding and the interaction between road traffic context and risky behaviors remains unclear. Addressing these gaps, this study investigates factors influencing risky behaviors among motorcycle riders in Hanoi, Vietnam. By examining various rider traits (such as rider type, gender, and age) and aspects of the road traffic environment (such as police presence, number of road lanes, and weather), we aim to understand their contribution to risky riding behaviors. Through the observation of 9164 motorcycle riders (i.e., delivery, ride-hailing, and private motorcycle riders) at 31 intersections and decision tree analysis, the study underscores the significant impact of rider type on risky behaviors. Key findings include a higher tendency for both delivery riders and ride-hailing riders to run red lights, neglect to use turn signals, and the notable distraction of mobile phone use. Additionally, private riders are found to show a higher incidence of not wearing helmets even in locations with a police presence. These findings highlight the critical need for strategies to enhance road safety for all motorcycle riders. However, it is essential to recognize that the reasons behind risky behavior vary across different groups of motorcycle riders, from private to commercial riders. Therefore, we need more targeted strategies that address the specific factors influencing each group to effectively improve road safety for all.

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Reducing risky behaviors and traffic violations is crucial for preventing road trauma among private and commercial motorcyclists. While legal interventions such as road rules and police enforcement have been somewhat effective, there is a gap in understanding how motorcyclists perceive these deterrents and the psycho-social factors influencing their effectiveness. This research aims to explore the interplay between motorcyclists’ psycho-social predispositions and their responses to legal interventions. It also compares two distinct groups of riders - private and commercial motorcyclists - within the urban environment of Da Nang, Vietnam, providing a nuanced consideration of the influence of work-related impacts on risky behavior, which can enable targeted interventions. We propose a theoretical model integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior and Deterrence Theory to analyze how psycho-social and punitive factors influence riders’ traffic violations. A total of 423 delivery riders and 411 private riders in Da Nang participated in the study. The results show that attitude, perceived behavioral control, and perceptions of deterrence significantly impact riders’ intentions to engage in risky behaviors, with delivery riders being particularly responsive to law enforcement and penalties. To enhance policy effectiveness, interventions should employ tailored enforcement strategies that account for the unique motivations and perceptions of each rider group. For example, increasing the visibility and consistency of law enforcement could be particularly impactful for delivery riders, who are more sensitive to immediate deterrents. Policy adjustments should also focus on reshaping riders’ attitudes toward safety and adjusting their perceived control over riding situations. By tailoring interventions to effectively influence each group's behavior, we can ultimately reduce traffic incidents.

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Using mobile phones while riding is a form of distracted riding that significantly elevates crash risk. Regrettably, the factors contributing to mobile phone use while riding (MPUWR) among food delivery riders remain under-researched. Addressing this literature gap, the current study employs the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and various socio-economic factors to examine the determinants of MPUWR. The research incorporates data from 558 delivery workers in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study utilizes two analytical methods to empirically test the hypotheses, considering non-linear relationships between variables: Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results reveal mixed impacts of factors connected to job resources. Although social support appears to deter MPUWR, work autonomy and rewards seemingly encourage it. Furthermore, a predisposition towards risk-taking behaviour significantly impacts the frequency of mobile phone usage among delivery riders. Interestingly, riders with higher incomes and those who have previously been fined by the police exhibit more frequent mobile phone use. The findings of this study present valuable insights into the crucial factors to be addressed when designing interventions aimed at reducing phone use among food delivery riders.

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Food delivery riders face significant road safety risks globally. Previous studies have primarily focused on the direct relationship between job demands, job resources, and road safety behaviors, often neglecting the potential indirect paths through dual processes, namely the health impairment process and the motivational process, which may lead to dangerous riding behaviors. Additionally, the impact of organizational citizenship behaviors on the safety of food delivery riders within the industry remains unexplored. This study aims to address these gaps by applying the dual processes of the Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R) to identify factors influencing the safety behaviors of food delivery riders in Vietnam. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys with 410 riders in public places. The findings show a nuanced interplay between job demands, resources, and safety behaviors. Specifically, job burnout acts as a bridge, mediating the influence of job demands on in-role safety behaviors. On the other hand, job resources-encompassing facets like job autonomy, performance feedback, technology support, and work support-indirectly shape both in-role and extra-role safety behaviors via the conduit of motivation. These resources not only bolster motivation but also serve as pillars in fostering a culture of safety among riders. This research not only deepens our understanding of the determinants of food delivery riders' safety behaviors but also highlights the pivotal role food delivery companies play in shaping these behaviors. By prioritizing the holistic well-being of their riders and offering robust support, these companies can foster an environment conducive to safety. Additionally, by integrating additional dimensions of job demands and resources into the JD-R model, this study paves the way for more comprehensive and nuanced future research in this domain.

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Objective: The rapid development of information technologies and the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in the proliferation of online food shopping and food delivery motorcyclists. In contrast to the relatively ample literature on factors influencing fatalities and risky riding behaviors of food delivery motorcyclists, little is known about the determinants of non-fatal crashes involving online food delivery riders. The present study examines the prevalence and factors of non-fatal crashes among food delivery riders. Methods: The self-reported data of 393 online food delivery riders were collected in Hanoi and Hochiminh city, Vietnam. Binary logit regression was used to investigate the factors associated with non-fatal crashes. Results: The findings showed that more than half of riders (54%) reported being involved in at least one crash in the last 12 months. The most common risky riding behaviors associated with the crashes included using a mobile phone while riding, neglecting turn signals, red-light running, riding when tired/sleepy, and speeding. The riders who were national migrants, married, and worked on planned delivery routes mainly alone were more likely to experience crashes. At the same time, adequate perceived rewards for their work prevent crash involvement. Perceived risk was not a significant predictor of self-reported crashes. Conclusions: Ensuring road safety for delivery riders requires a systemic effort involving multiple stakeholders, and the private sector plays a crucial role in discouraging risky riding behaviors. It is imperative for the government and regulatory bodies to redefine the delivery job to alleviate the strain on riders and provide resources such as rewards. Specifically, riders should be considered employees rather than partners. Furthermore, it is crucial for the police to take a more active role in preventing dangerous behaviors among delivery riders, such as running red lights. At the same time, supporting financial strategies should be implemented for delivery riders, particularly for those who are migrants or married and may face additional challenges.

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Motorcycle riding is the principal mode of travel in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Motorcycle-based transport is regarded as highly problematic today due to reliance on fossil-based fuels, which contributes to climate change. Additionally, emissions from fuel combustion release air pollutants in urban areas, resulting in public health issues. Unfortunately, in LMICs, functioning and widespread public transport infrastructure will not be feasible in the near future due to economic and social tensions. As such, encouraging a mode shift from conventional motorcycles to electric motorcycles (EMs), a more sustainable transport mode, is a reasonable strategy for many jurisdictions. However, to develop effective programs to increase the adoption of EMs, it is necessary to have a better understanding of motives and barriers that determine the switching intention to EMs. To cover this gap, this investigation aims to develop a conceptual research model based on the Behavioural Reasoning Theory to explore the antecedents of the switching intention. Data from 751 conventional motorcycle users in Vietnam were used to test the model using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The moderating roles of trust and knowledge were also examined in this study. The results showed that ‘reasons for’ have no direct effect on the switching intention; however, this variable affects the intention indirectly via global motives. In contrast, ‘reasons against’ show a negative direct impact on the intention, and no indirect effect is found. The findings provide interesting insights for governments and the electric vehicle industry.@en

Food delivery riders are overrepresented in road crashes. Arguably, the increased risk experienced by food delivery riders is linked to the working conditions offered by the “gig economy”. Research is needed to fully understand the safety-related issues this vulnerable group of road users face daily and identify opportunities for counter measures. In this investigation, we proposed a new theoretical model to explain the risky behaviour of food delivery motorcyclists based on the well-established Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. Following the JD-R, we considered the impact of job demands (job aspects that require sustained effort) and job resources (job aspects that help achieve work-related goals, reduce job demands and stimulate personal development) on the risky riding behaviours of food delivery motorcyclists. The JD-R model was also extended with three constructs, including personal demands, personal resources, and perceived safety risk to explore the role of individuals' within-person aspects. The developed model was tested using data collected from 554 food delivery riders in the two biggest cities in Vietnam. The results showed that job burnout, job resources, and personal demands directly impact risky riding behaviours, in which job burnout was the most significant predictor. Constructs such as job demands, personal resources, and perceived safety risk were not significant predictors of risky riding behaviours. This research shows that organisation-level factors could be modified to prevent risky riding behaviour. The gig economy industry can do much more to improve the safety of delivery riders.@en

Word-of-mouth (WOM) and intention to continue use (ICU) are the two critical components of customer loyalty towards a particular service. There has been a large body of research investigating the effect of determinants on the loyalty formation of public transport passengers. However, the impact of social cues from other passengers, which are part of the social environment, have received less attention. This study developed a theoretical model to examine the complex relationships among the cues from other passengers, perceived security and safety, perceived value, WOM and ICU. Cues from other passengers involved three dimensions: similarity, physical appearance, and suitable behaviour. These three dimensions were measured using a formative approach in structural equation modelling (SEM). Additionally, the moderating effects of demographic characteristics on the formation of public transport passenger behaviours were explored by multi-group SEM. The model was empirically tested using data collected from more than 870 bus passengers in two big cities in Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh and Danang city). The results showed that social cues from other passengers have a strong predictive power over the WOM and ICU of bus passengers. The study successfully demonstrated the critical role of demographic characteristics as moderators on loyalty formation. The findings reported in the present investigation provide several theoretical and practical implications.@en

In the transport context, there has been limited research examining passengers' health-protective behaviour while travelling during a health-related crisis such as COVID-19. This study develops a conceptual model aiming to explore determinants associated with passengers' self-protective intentions using the context of ride-hailing services in Vietnam. Ride-hailing services are popular in countries where public transport is underdeveloped. The conceptual model is based on perceived risk and self-efficacy as the main predictor of self-protective intentions when using ride-hailing services. In addition, the proposed conceptual model explores the direct and indirect impact of subjective knowledge and the perceived effectiveness of preventive measures on self-protective intentions. The proposed conceptual model was tested on a large sample of ride-hailing users in Vietnam (n = 527). The structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis results indicate that self-efficacy has the highest total impact on self-protective behaviour, followed by subject knowledge and perceived effectiveness of preventive measures. Self-efficacy also plays a fully mediating role in the linkage between the perceived effectiveness of preventive measures implemented by ride-hailing organisations and the intention to engage in self-protective behaviour. The results of this study expand the current understanding of ride-hailing passengers' health-protective behaviour and contribute to the transport and public health literature.@en

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought new risks and stress for paid transport users worldwide. COVID-19 has changed mobility dynamics worldwide, including low- and middle-income countries (e.g., Vietnam). The present study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of ride-sourcing passengers' behavioural intentions when COVID-19 pandemic management successfully prevented community transmission by extending the TPB with two constructs: perceived virus infection risk and problem-focused coping. Using self-administered questionnaires, data were collected from ride-sourcing customers in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). A total of 540 responses were used for validating the proposed theorethical model. The structural equation model results indicate that problem-focused coping is a multi-faceted construct with two dimensions: problem-solving and self-protection. Also, problem-focused coping has the highest total effect on the intention to use ride-sourcing services following a period of COVID-19 suppression (3 months without identified cases). The findings also reveal that attitude partially mediates the link between problem-focused coping and behavioural intention. The results of this study could be used to develop strategies to promote ride-sourcing services in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.@en

Transport sustainability has become a major challenge worldwide. On-demand shared ride-hailing (OSR) is an alternative transport mode to private motorized mobility which allows passengers to share a vehicle and driver to their respective destination. OSR is more flexible than buses and cheaper than taxis. Additionally, ride-hailing services such as OSR play an important role in servicing communities with poor access to public transport (e.g., buses or trains) and people with increased vulnerabilities (e.g., women with children or people with disabilities). The present study investigates the impact of psychological factors on passengers' intention to use OSR services. To achieve this, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was used and extended with perceived risk, price sensitivity, and perceived green value. Data were collected from 520 ride-hailing passengers in Vietnam. The results confirm the relevance of the original TPB constructs, i.e., attitudes, perceived behavioural control, and social norms. Concerning the three additional constructs, only perceived risk negatively and directly influences usage intention, while the two other constructs (i.e., price sensitivity and perceived green value) influence the intention to use OSR via attitudes. The results also reveal that the impact of perceived green value on usage intention is higher among females than males. Additionally, among middle- and high-income people, there is a significant negative association between perceived risk and intention, while this association is not significant among low-income participants. The findings from the present paper provide evidence of the importance of psychosocial factors such as perceptions of risk, price sensitivity, and sustainability when considering intention to use on-demand shared transport services.@en

On-demand food delivery involves transport services based on gig-economy models. Food delivery services rely on motorcycles in many jurisdictions, resulting in safety risks. Motorcycles are generally-two-wheeled and therefore inherently unstable. They also lack rider restraint or roll cage to minimise the consequences of a collision. Given the risks of motorcycle food delivery, there is a need to understand how job design may influence safety behaviour on the roads and regulate this economic activity to minimise potential harmful health consequences on the riders. This study investigated the impact of job demands and resources on food delivery riders' compliance with road safety regulations. The job demands-resources (JD–R) model was used as the theoretical framework for this research. Data were collected using a cross-sectional design involving 550 motorcycle delivery riders in two megacities in Vietnam. A structural equation analysis indicated that job demands (e.g., time pressure, work/life imbalance, working environment) and job resources (e.g., social support, feedback) influence, directly and indirectly, job strain, risk-taking attitude, and road safety compliance. Control variables such as age, gender, and income also influenced road safety compliance. This study has critical implications for the food delivery industry that can help achieve sustainable development goals in the global south.@en

Background: Taxi services have played an essential role in the transport system as they contribute to urban mobility. With the rapid development of information and communication technologies, ride-hailing services, one of the typical sharing economy forms of road transport, have become increasingly popular. The uptake of app-based technologies that support the sharing economy for transport is considered to threaten the future of traditional taxi services directly. Aim: This study aims to compare the direct and indirect effects of factors such as perceived benefits of booking method, perceived safety, involvement and satisfaction on the loyalty of passengers to ride-hailing and traditional taxi services. Method: A structural equation model of the relationships among these constructs was tested using data collected from 545 respondents (263 ride-hailing passengers and 282 traditional taxi passengers) who have used these services at least once a month in Vietnam. Results: The results have confirmed that there was a strong relationship between satisfaction and loyalty for ride-hailing as well as traditional taxi services. It was also evident that the variable describing the perceived benefits of booking method was the second strongest factor influencing traditional taxi passengers’ loyalty while the perception of safety was the second most important determinant of ride-hailing passengers’ loyalty. Conclusions: Results from this investigation offer insights for the development of strategies aiming at increasing the loyalty of ride-hailing as well as traditional taxi users. By focusing on the strengths and improving the weaknesses of each transport service, these two services can be complementary and co-existing without cannibalising each other. In turn this will lead to a transport system capable to serve all types of users.@en

Ride-hailing services are increasingly consolidating their role in the transport sector in low- and middle-income countries where there is limited investment in public transport. However, much is unknown about the determinants of ride-hailing service use and quality of the service. The present study investigates the direct and indirect influences of perceived quality of ride-hailing service including perceived booking app and perceived post-booking service quality on continuous usage intention and word-of-mouth (WOM) of ride-hailing passengers. Emerging research has aimed to understand the hierarchical structure of ride-hailing service quality (including booking app and post-booking service). Therefore, this study proposes a formative hierarchical component model of perceived booking app quality consisting of seven dimensions (i.e., privacy and security, ease of use, functionality, design, information accuracy, route detection, and service). Likewise, the perceived post-booking service quality is comprised of four dimensions (i.e., reliability, personal, convenience, and tangibility). Data used for testing the model was collected from 536 ride-hailing service users in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. The results provide insights into attributes forming perceived quality of ride-hailing booking apps and perceived post-booking service quality and how these constructs affect passenger loyalty. The results are also useful for ride-hailing companies in their efforts to prioritise critical service attributes and ensure their service quality meets or exceeds passengers’ expectations.@en

Alcohol is a global risk factor for road trauma. Although drink driving has received most of the scholarly attention, there is growing evidence of the risks of alcohol-impaired walking. Alcohol-impaired pedestrians are over-represented in fatal crashes compared to non-impaired pedestrians. Additionally, empirical evidence shows that alcohol intoxication impairs road-crossing judgements. Besides some limited early research, much is unknown about the global prevalence and determinants of alcohol-impaired walking. Understanding alcohol-impaired walking will support health promotion initiatives and injury prevention. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare the prevalence of alcohol-impaired walking across countries; (2) identify international groups of pedestrians based on psychosocial factors (i.e., Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and perceptions of risk); and (3) investigate how segments of pedestrians form their intention for alcohol-impaired walking using the extended TPB (i.e. subjective norm, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk). A cross-sectional design was applied. The target behaviour question was “have you been a pedestrian when your thinking or physical ability (balance/strength) is affected by alcohol?” to ensure comparability across countries. Cluster analysis based on the extended TPB was used to identify groups of countries. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians’ intentions per group. A total of 6,166 respondents (Age M(SD) = 29.4 (14.2); Males = 39.2%) completed the questionnaire, ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland. The proportion of participants who reported never engaging in alcohol-impaired walking in the last three months ranged from 30.1% (Spain) to 83.1% (Turkey). Four groups of countries were identified: group-1 (Czech Republic, Spain, and Australia), group-2 (Russia and Finland), group-3 (Japan), and group-4 (final ten countries including Colombia, China, and Romania). Pedestrian intentions to engage in alcohol- impaired walking are predicted by perceptions of risk and TPB-psychosocial factors in group-1 and group-4. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increased alcohol-impaired walking intentions. Conversely, subjective norms were not significant in group-2 and only perceived risk predicted intention in group-3. The willingness of pedestrians to walk when alcohol-impaired differs significantly across the countries in this study. Perceived risk was the only common predictor among the 16 countries.@en

The present study quantitatively investigates the influence of booking app-related risk and vehicle & driver-related risk on ride-sourcing passengers’ trust, satisfaction and loyalty. A conceptual model was developed and tested with data collected from 545 ride-sourcing users in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The findings indicated that perceived vehicle & driver-related risk directly affected passengers’ satisfaction and loyalty significantly. At the same time, trust mediated the relationships between perceived booking app-related risks and satisfaction and loyalty. These findings enable practitioners and policymakers to better prioritise risk dimensions when developing strategies to increase passengers’ trust, satisfaction and loyalty. Finally, the insights provided in this investigation can be used as a guide for ride-sourcing companies to improve risk manangement and risk communication efforts to increase patronage.@en

Turn signal neglect is considered to be a key contributor to crashes at intersections, yet relatively little research has been undertaken on this topic, particularly in developing countries. Using a case study of Vietnam, this research aimed to explore the role of environmental characteristics, perceived risk, beliefs and lifestyle behaviours on the frequency of turn signal use at intersections. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to motorcyclists (n = 527) and car drivers (n = 326) using online and offline methods. Using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), key findings indicate that perceived risk, beliefs and environmental characteristics play a significant role in affecting the frequency of turn signal use among motorcycle riders and car drivers at intersections. While lifestyle behaviours were not found to be a good predictor of turn signal use among car drivers, they were found to indirectly affect turn signal use among motorcycle riders through the mediation of beliefs and perceived risk. The findings can help inform the development of more targeted measures to increase turn signal use.@en

Mobile phone use while driving presents significant risks, potentially leading to injury or death through distracted driving. Using a case study of Vietnam, this research aimed to understand the effect of problematic mobile phone use (also known as mobile phone addiction or compulsive mobile phone use), attitudes and beliefs, and perceived risk on the frequency of mobile phone use among motorcyclists and car drivers. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to motorcyclists (n1= 529) and car drivers (n2= 328) using an online survey and face-to-face survey. The survey took around 20-min to complete and participants were entered into a lottery for supermarket vouchers. Of the motorcyclists, 42% of the sample (the highest proportion) was in the 18-25 age group while the 36-45 age group accounted for the highest proportion among car drivers (34.8%). Using structural equation modelling (SEM), key findings showed that each construct influenced mobile phone use, but in different ways for motorcycle riders and car drivers. Attitudes and beliefs had the largest effect on mobile phone use while riding among motorcyclists, with problematic mobile phone use having the smallest influence. In contrast, problematic mobile phone use had the largest effect on mobile phone use while driving a car, with attitudes and beliefs having the smallest effect. The findings of this study point to the need for tailored interventions involving a range of actors (policymakers, police enforcement, mental health professionals, advocacy groups and the wider community) to raise awareness, modify attitudes and increase risk perception associated with mobile phone use while driving/riding. This can be achieved thorough educational tools and road safety campaigns which are focused on reducing this risky driving behaviour. This includes customising road safety programs for individuals and groups affected by problematic mobile phone use such as targeted advertising.@en

Introduction: In developing countries, traditional motorcycle taxis are operated as a type of public transport mode. Recently, the development of mobile technology has enabled this transport mode to become an app-based motorcycle taxi service, leading to a rapid increase in travel demand. However, the emergence of app-based motorcycle taxi riders is considered to contribute directly and indirectly to the high proportion of road traffic crashes through their risky riding behaviours. The associations between unhealthy habits such as smoking, drink riding and other risky behaviours among motorcyclists have received less attention. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the effect of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours on risky riding behaviours among app-based motorcycle taxi riders. This study also explores the prevalence of risky riding behaviours and their associations. Methods: An online survey and field surveys were carried out to obtain information about app-based motorcycle taxi riders’ demographics, work patterns and risky riding behaviours. More than 600 riders (mean age = 25.74 years, SD = 7.3), who were working in the three largest cities in Vietnam, completed a structured questionnaire. Results: Binary logistic regression modelling showed that riders who regularly smoked and drunk alcohol were more likely to engage in the risky behaviours of smoking while riding and drink riding (Adj. OR = 18.61, 95%CI, p < 0.001 and Adj. OR = 9.02, 95%CI, p < 0.01 respectively). The results also indicated that those who sometimes smoked cigarettes were more likely not to wear helmets when riding (Adj. OR = 2.55, p < 0.01). While smoking habits were associated with smoking while riding and not wearing a helmet, most surveyed risky riding behaviours were associated with drinking habits. Significant associations between smoke/drink riding and all other risky riding behaviours were also found in this study. Conclusion: A better understanding of these relationships will help authorities and ride-hailing firms to improve safe riding behaviours among app-based motorcycle taxi riders.@en

Road traffic crashes and injuries are a major societal challenge around the world. However, the majority of injuries and fatalities occur disproportionately in low-income and medium-income countries. Previous studies have concluded that risky behaviours were the main contributing factor of traffic crashes. Turn signal neglect (TSN) when making a turn is one of those risky behaviours. Unfortunately, research on TSN has been very limited. This study investigates the prevalence of TSN-related crashes and factors affecting TSN among motorcyclists and car drivers. Data was obtained from self-administered questionnaires conducted in Vietnam. The findings showed that 17.54% of motorcyclists and 14.76% of car drivers have experienced at least one crash caused by their failure to turn signals in the last three years. Additionally, fewer years having a riding/driving license, longer daily travelling time, lower frequency of turn signal use, and having received a fine due to TSN were found to be positively associated with TSN-related crashes for both motorcyclists and car drivers. The findings highlight the importance of TSN for road safety and the need for authorities to develop more effective educational strategies and to increase traffic law enforcement.@en