In the aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami Japanese tsunami protection philosophy now dictates that coastal defences should prevent the land that they protect from being flooded under a Level 1 event (with a return period in the order of about 100 years). To ascertain the overtopping mechanism and leeward inundation heights of tsunamis as they hit coastal structures, the authors conducted physical experiments using a dam-break mechanism, which could generate bores that overtopped different types of structures. Three different types of structures were considered, namely a wall of “infinite” height, a coastal dyke, and a vertical tsunami wall. The results show that the velocity of the tsunami bore is crucial in determining whether the structure will be overtopped or not, and thus it is imperative to move away from only considering the tsunami inundation height at the beach.@en