O-RAN systems and their deployment in virtualized general-purpose computing platforms (O-Cloud) constitute a paradigm shift expected to bring unprecedented performance gains. However, these architectures raise new implementation challenges and threaten to worsen the already-high energy consumption of mobile networks. This paper presents first a series of experiments which assess the O-Cloud's energy costs and their dependency on the servers' hardware, capacity and data traffic properties which, typically, change over time. Next, it proposes a compute policy for assigning the base station data loads to O-Cloud servers in an energy-efficient fashion; and a radio policy that determines at near-real-Time the minimum transmission block size for each user so as to avoid unnecessary energy costs. The policies balance energy savings with performance, and ensure that both of them are dispersed fairly across the servers and users, respectively. To cater for the unknown and time-varying parameters affecting the policies, we develop a novel online learning framework with fairness guarantees that apply to the entire operation horizon of the system (long-Term fairness). The policies are evaluated using trace-driven simulations and are fully implemented in an O-RAN compatible system where we measure the energy costs and throughput in realistic scenarios.

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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are expected to be massively deployed in future beyond-5th generation wireless networks, thanks to their ability to programmatically alter the propagation environment, inherent low-cost and low-maintenance nature. Indeed, they are envisioned to be implemented on the facades of buildings or on moving objects. However, such an innovative characteristic may potentially turn into an involuntary negative behavior that needs to be addressed: an undesired signal scattering. In particular, RIS elements may be prone to experience failures due to lack of proper maintenance or external environmental factors. While the resulting Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) at the intended User Equipment (UE) may not be significantly degraded, we demonstrate the potential risks in terms of unwanted spreading of the transmit signal to non-intended UEs. In this regard, we consider the problem of mitigating such undesired effectby proposing two simple yet effective algorithms, which are based on maximizing the Signal-to-Leakage-and-Noise-Ratio (SLNR) over a predefined two-dimensional (2D) area and are applicable in the case of perfect channel-state-information (CSI) and partial CSI, respectively. Numerical and full-wave simulations demonstrate the added gains compared to leakage-unaware and reference schemes.

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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are expected to be massively deployed in future beyond-5th generation wireless networks, thanks to their ability to programmatically alter the propagation environment, inherent low-cost and low-maintenance nature. Indeed, they are envisioned to be implemented on the facades of buildings or on moving objects. However, such an innovative characteristic may potentially turn into an involuntary negative behavior that needs to be addressed: an undesired signal scattering. In particular, RIS elements may be prone to experience failures due to lack of proper maintenance or external environmental factors. While the resulting Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) at the intended User Equipment (UE) may not be significantly degraded, we demonstrate the potential risks in terms of unwanted spreading of the transmit signal to non-intended UEs. In this regard, we consider the problem of mitigating such undesired effectby proposing two simple yet effective algorithms, which are based on maximizing the Signal-to-Leakage-and-Noise-Ratio (SLNR) over a predefined two-dimensional (2D) area and are applicable in the case of perfect channel-state-information (CSI) and partial CSI, respectively. Numerical and full-wave simulations demonstrate the added gains compared to leakage-unaware and reference schemes.

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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are expected to be massively deployed in future beyond-5th generation wireless networks, thanks to their ability to programmatically alter the propagation environment, inherent low-cost and low-maintenance nature. Indeed, they are envisioned to be implemented on the facades of buildings or on moving objects. However, such an innovative characteristic may potentially turn into an involuntary negative behavior that needs to be addressed: an undesired signal scattering. In particular, RIS elements may be prone to experience failures due to lack of proper maintenance or external environmental factors. While the resulting Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) at the intended User Equipment (UE) may not be significantly degraded, we demonstrate the potential risks in terms of unwanted spreading of the transmit signal to non-intended UEs. In this regard, we consider the problem of mitigating such undesired effectby proposing two simple yet effective algorithms, which are based on maximizing the Signal-to-Leakage-and-Noise-Ratio (SLNR) over a predefined two-dimensional (2D) area and are applicable in the case of perfect channel-state-information (CSI) and partial CSI, respectively. Numerical and full-wave simulations demonstrate the added gains compared to leakage-unaware and reference schemes.

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Future mobile networks need to support intelligent services which collect and process data streams at the network edge, so as to offer real-time and accurate inferences to users. However, the widespread deployment of these services is hindered by the unprecedented energy cost they induce to the network, and by the difficulties in optimizing their end-to-end operation. To address these challenges, we propose a Bayesian learning framework for jointly configuring the service and the Radio Access Network (RAN), aiming to minimize the total energy consumption while respecting accuracy and latency service requirements. Using a fully-fledged prototype with a software-defined base station (vBS) and a GPU-enabled edge server, we profile a typical video analytics service and identify new performance trade-offs and optimization opportunities. Accordingly, we tailor the proposed learning framework to account for the (possibly varying) network conditions, user needs, and service metrics, and apply it to a range of experiments with real traces. Our findings suggest that this approach effectively adapts to different hardware platforms and service requirements, and outperforms state-of-the-art benchmarks based on neural networks.

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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are expected to be massively deployed in future beyond-5th generation wireless networks, thanks to their ability to programmatically alter the propagation environment, inherent low-cost and low-maintenance nature. Indeed, they are envisioned to be implemented on the facades of buildings or on moving objects. However, such an innovative characteristic may potentially turn into an involuntary negative behavior that needs to be addressed: an undesired signal scattering. In particular, RIS elements may be prone to experience failures due to lack of proper maintenance or external environmental factors. While the resulting Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) at the intended User Equipment (UE) may not be significantly degraded, we demonstrate the potential risks in terms of unwanted spreading of the transmit signal to non-intended UEs. In this regard, we consider the problem of mitigating such undesired effectby proposing two simple yet effective algorithms, which are based on maximizing the Signal-to-Leakage-and-Noise-Ratio (SLNR) over a predefined two-dimensional (2D) area and are applicable in the case of perfect channel-state-information (CSI) and partial CSI, respectively. Numerical and full-wave simulations demonstrate the added gains compared to leakage-unaware and reference schemes.

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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are expected to be massively deployed in future beyond-5th generation wireless networks, thanks to their ability to programmatically alter the propagation environment, inherent low-cost and low-maintenance nature. Indeed, they are envisioned to be implemented on the facades of buildings or on moving objects. However, such an innovative characteristic may potentially turn into an involuntary negative behavior that needs to be addressed: an undesired signal scattering. In particular, RIS elements may be prone to experience failures due to lack of proper maintenance or external environmental factors. While the resulting Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) at the intended User Equipment (UE) may not be significantly degraded, we demonstrate the potential risks in terms of unwanted spreading of the transmit signal to non-intended UEs. In this regard, we consider the problem of mitigating such undesired effectby proposing two simple yet effective algorithms, which are based on maximizing the Signal-to-Leakage-and-Noise-Ratio (SLNR) over a predefined two-dimensional (2D) area and are applicable in the case of perfect channel-state-information (CSI) and partial CSI, respectively. Numerical and full-wave simulations demonstrate the added gains compared to leakage-unaware and reference schemes.

@en

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are expected to be massively deployed in future beyond-5th generation wireless networks, thanks to their ability to programmatically alter the propagation environment, inherent low-cost and low-maintenance nature. Indeed, they are envisioned to be implemented on the facades of buildings or on moving objects. However, such an innovative characteristic may potentially turn into an involuntary negative behavior that needs to be addressed: an undesired signal scattering. In particular, RIS elements may be prone to experience failures due to lack of proper maintenance or external environmental factors. While the resulting Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) at the intended User Equipment (UE) may not be significantly degraded, we demonstrate the potential risks in terms of unwanted spreading of the transmit signal to non-intended UEs. In this regard, we consider the problem of mitigating such undesired effectby proposing two simple yet effective algorithms, which are based on maximizing the Signal-to-Leakage-and-Noise-Ratio (SLNR) over a predefined two-dimensional (2D) area and are applicable in the case of perfect channel-state-information (CSI) and partial CSI, respectively. Numerical and full-wave simulations demonstrate the added gains compared to leakage-unaware and reference schemes.

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Virtualized base stations (vBS) can be implemented in diverse commodity platforms and are expected to bring unprecedented operational flexibility and cost efficiency to the next generation of cellular networks. However, their widespread adoption is hampered by their complex configuration options that affect in a non-traditional fashion both their performance and their power consumption. Following an in-depth experimental analysis in a bespoke testbed, we characterize the vBS power consumption profile and reveal previously unknown couplings between their various control knobs. Motivated by these findings, we develop a Bayesian learning framework for the orchestration of vBSs and design two novel algorithms: (i) BP-vRAN, which employs online learning to balance the vBS performance and energy consumption, and (ii) SBP-vRAN, which augments our optimization approach with safe controls that maximize performance while respecting hard power constraints. We show that our approaches are data-efficient, i.e., converge an order of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art Deep Reinforcement Learning methods, and achieve optimal performance. We demonstrate the efficacy of these solutions in an experimental prototype using real traffic traces.

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Supporting Edge AI services is one of the most exciting features of future mobile networks. These services involve the collection and processing of voluminous data streams, right at the network edge, so as to offer real-time and accurate inferences to users. However, their widespread deployment is hampered by the energy cost they induce to the network. To overcome this obstacle, we propose a Bayesian learning framework for jointly configuring the service and the Radio Access Network (RAN), aiming to minimize the total energy consumption while respecting desirable accuracy and latency thresholds. Using a fully-fledged prototype with a software-defined base station (BS) and a GPU-enabled edge server, we profile a state-of-the-art video analytics AI service and identify new performance trade-offs. Accordingly, we tailor the optimization framework to account for the network context, the user needs, and the service metrics. The efficacy of our proposal is verified in a series of experiments and comparisons with neural network-based benchmarks.

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Virtualized radio access networks (vRAN) are emerging as a key component of wireless cellular networks, and it is therefore imperative to optimize their architecture. vRANs are decentralized systems where the Base Station (BS) functions can be split between the edge Distributed Units (DUs) and Cloud computing Units (CUs); hence they have many degrees of design freedom. We propose a framework for optimizing the number and location of CUs, the function split for each BS, and the association and routing for each DU-CU pair. We combine a linearization technique with a cutting-planes method to expedite the exact problem solution. The goal is to minimize the network costs and balance them with the criterion of centralization, i.e., the number of functions placed at CUs. Using data-driven simulations we find that multi-CU vRANs achieve cost savings up to 28% and improve centralization by 77%, compared to single-CU vRANs. Interestingly, we see non-Trivial trade-offs among centralization and cost, which can be aligned or conflicting based on the traffic and network parameters. Our work sheds light on the vRAN design problem from a new angle, highlights the importance of deploying multiple CUs, and offers a rigorous optimization tool for balancing costs and performance.

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Radio Access Network Virtualization (vRAN) will spearhead the quest towards supple radio stacks that adapt to heterogeneous infrastructure: from energy-constrained platforms deploying cells-on-wheels (e.g., drones) or battery-powered cells to green edge clouds. We perform an in-depth experimental analysis of the energy consumption of virtualized Base Stations (vBSs) and render two conclusions: (i) characterizing performance and power consumption is intricate as it depends on human behavior such as network load or user mobility; and (ii) there are many control policies and some of them have non-linear and monotonic relations with power and throughput. Driven by our experimental insights, we argue that machine learning holds the key for vBS control. We formulate two problems and two algorithms: (i) BP-vRAN, which uses Bayesian online learning to balance performance and energy consumption, and (ii) SBP-vRAN, which augments our Bayesian optimization approach with safe controls that maximize performance while respecting hard power constraints. We show that our approaches are data-efficient and have provably performance, which is paramount for carrier-grade vRANs. We demonstrate the convergence and flexibility of our approach and assess its performance using an experimental prototype.

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Network virtualization is intended to be a key element of new generation networks. However, it is no clear how the implantation of this new paradigm will affect the power consumption of the network. To shed light on this relatively unexplored topic, we evaluate and analyze the power consumption of virtualized Base Station (vBS) experimentally. In particular, we measure the power consumption associated with uplink transmissions as a function of different variables such as traffic load, channel quality, modulation selection, and bandwidth. We find interesting tradeoffs between power savings and performance and propose two linear mixed-effect models to approximate the experimental data. These models allow us to understand the power behavior of the vBS and select power-efficient configurations. We release our experimental dataset hoping to foster further efforts in this research area.@en

Radio Access Network Virtualization (vRAN) will spearhead the quest towards supple radio stacks that adapt to heterogeneous infrastructure: from energy-constrained platforms deploying cells-on-wheels (e.g., drones) or battery-powered cells to green edge clouds. We demonstrate a novel machine learning approach to solve resource orchestration problems in energy-constrained vRANs. Specifically, we demonstrate two algorithms: (i) BP-vRAN, which uses Bayesian online learning to balance performance and energy consumption, and (ii) SBP-vRAN, which augments our Bayesian optimization approach with safe controls that maximize performance while respecting hard power constraints. We show that our approaches are data-efficient— converge an order of magnitude faster than other machine learning methods—and have provably performance, which is paramount for carrier-grade vRANs. We demonstrate the ad-vantages of our approach in a testbed comprised of fully-fledged LTE stacks and a power meter, and implementing our approach into O-RAN’s non-real-time RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC).@en