Two types of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cells, both designed for implementation in CIGS modules, were subjected to temperatures between 25C and 105C. Simultaneous exposure to AM1.5 illumination allowed the measurement of their electrical parameters at these temperatures. These two types of solar cells, produced with different deposition routes on soda lime glass (SLG) and polyimide (PI) substrates, showed large variations in the temperature dependency of their electrical parameters. It was shown that the temperature dependency of the open circuit voltage (V_oc) was dependent on its room temperature value: a high V_oc at 25 °C led to a slower loss of V_oc when the temperature was increased. For the V_oc, the normalised temperature dependency varied between -0.28%/°C and -0.47%/°C, which is in agreement with the literature. The temperature dependency of the short circuit current density (J_sc) showed more surprising results: while the PI samples had the expected positive temperature dependency (0.03 to 0.32%/°C), the SLG samples showed a small negative impact of increasing temperature (-0.01 to -0.05%/°C). A correlation between the temperature dependencies of the J_sc and the ideality factor n was observed. Therefore, this difference in the temperature dependence of the J_sc could be caused by increased recombination for the SLG samples. Furthermore, the temperature coefficients of the fill factor (negative), efficiency (negative), and the series (slightly negative) and shunt (negative) resistances were calculated.

@en

Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were simultaneously exposed to damp heat and illumination. In-situ monitoring of their electrical parameters demonstrated a rapid decrease of the efficiency, mainly driven by changes in the series and shunt resistances. The non-degraded and degraded solar cells were studied by SIMS and XRD to investigate the material changes leading to efficiency loss. SIMS showed the migration of sodium and potassium, likely leading to changes in the shunt resistance and output voltage. Extensive XRD measurements showed that molybdenum oxide was formed and that the in-plane stress in the ZnO:Al film increased. The stress increase is most likely due to the incorporation of species like hydroxide in the grain boundaries. These phenomena could lead to the observed increased series resistance in the solar cells.

@en

A 'hybrid' degradation setup, which allows the use of humidity, temperature and illumination as loads in order to accelerate degradation of solar cells and modules, has been designed and constructed. In this setup, the current voltage output of photovoltaic samples is automatically logged and the electrical parameters are calculated. This allows the study of the impact of illumination and damp heat induced degradation by in-situ monitoring. Additionally, this setup also allows the determination of temperature dependency of solar cells by a simple procedure.

@en

Non-encapsulated CIGS solar cells with different contents of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were simultaneously exposed to damp heat and illumination. The solar cells with higher alkali (Na, K) content exhibited higher initial conversion efficiencies, but degraded severely within 100 hours, while samples with a lower alkali content retained their efficiency longer. The degradation was likely caused by the migration of alkali atoms, leading to shunting of the solar cells and the formation of alkali rich spots.

@en

CIGS solar cells were exposed to liquid water purged with the atmospheric gases carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2) and air in order to investigate their chemical degradation behavior. The samples were analyzed by electrical, compositional and optical measurements before, during and after exposure in order to follow the degradation behavior of these solar cells in time. The solar cells showed a rapid decrease in conversion efficiency when exposed to water purged with a combination of CO2 and N2 as well as to water purged with air, while their efficiency was slowly reduced in unpurged water and water purged with N2 or O2. Cross-section SEM showed that the exposure of samples to H2O with large concentrations of CO2 led to the dissolution of the ZnO:Al layer, likely starting from the grain boundaries. This resulted in an increased series resistance, which is likely related to an increase in resistivity of the ZnO:Al layer. It also led to a very rapid decrease of the short-circuit current of these samples. Therefore, the conversion efficiency was rapidly lost.@en