In the Netherlands, a shift occurred over the last two decades from positively framed spatial-economic policies promoting the development of extra-large distribution centres (DCs) and their claimed positive employment benefits towards a critical stance questioning the benefits of such policies, fuelled by the connected debate regarding the extensive land use and environmental impacts of DCs. In this paper, we unravel the assumed regional employment benefits of DCs into (i) direct employment benefits within the DCs, (ii) indirect employment benefits in the supply chain, and (iii) employment benefits from structural changes in regional production systems around DCs. We analyse these benefits using detailed business microdata and logistics-building data over a 20-year timeframe in the East-Southeast freight corridor (from Rotterdam to Germany). In the corridor, logistics footprint has doubled, and average DC size has tripled in this timeframe. We demonstrate that, although part of the hypothesised benefits can be spatially identified, employment benefits of new DCs decrease over time, due in part to automation and use of migrant labour. The expected co-agglomeration of manufacturing near DCs does not occur structurally, and although DC-favouring regions have successfully established competitive logistics business ecosystems, they can be vulnerable to a spatial-economic lock-in, relying primarily on the logistics sector. The spatial-economic policy narratives framing DCs as employment catalysts are thus of limited validity.@en

Meebewegen met het water, in de meest extreme vorm door adaptieve migratie, werpt vanuit economisch-geografisch perspectief een aantal belangrijke vragen op met betrekking tot agglomeratievoordelen, plaatsgebonden beleid en mobiliteit. Eerder onderzoek naar grootschalige verplaatsingen van productie en mensen (migratie) tonen aan dat welvaarts- en welzijnsverliezen aanzienlijk zijn, dat mitigatiestrategieën interregionale afstemming behoeven die moeilijk is vorm te geven, en dat steden en regio’s als groeimotoren van de economie niet 1-2-3 met plaatsgebonden beleid zijn te behouden of verplaatsen. Het nadenken over deze processen en factoren dient nu te beginnen, zodat we later niet achter de feiten aanlopen. Het doel van deze notitie is om de regionaal-economische ordeningsprincipes te duiden die samenhangen met de adaptatiestrategie ‘Meebewegen’, en in het bijzonder het meest extreme scenario van adaptieve migratie. Meebewegen is een scenario waarbij Nederland wordt geconfronteerd met 2 tot 5 meter zeespiegelstijging in de periode 2100 tot 2200 en inwoners en bedrijven zich aanpassen aan het water. Overstromingen kennen dan een grotere waarschijnlijkheid, hebben een groter impact, keren sneller terug of zijn onomkeerbaar. In (kwetsbare) delen van Nederland is daarbij sprake van terugtrekking in de vorm van adaptieve migratie. Meebewegen met water heeft economische consequenties, maar deze consequenties zijn in belangrijke mate afhankelijk van het moment waarop aanpassingen urgent worden. [...]@en

In this chapter, we discuss the use of gravity models in the study of spatial structure. Using the recent discussion on functional polycentricity as a background, we argue that the gravity model approach has one obvious advantage when examining spatial structure: it can simultaneously assess functional polycentricity and spatial interdependencies within one modelling framework. The chapter concludes with a discussion of methods that can be applied to estimate the gravity model.

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A growing body of empirical urban economic studies suggests that agglomeration and accessibility externalities are important sources of the uneven distribution of economic activities across cities and regions. At the same time, little is known about the importance of agglomeration economies for the actual location behavior of firms. This is remarkable, since theories that underlie agglomeration economies are microeconomic in nature. In a case study of the Dutch province of South-Holland, we analyze micro level data to determine the extent to which relocation decisions are dependent on accessibility and agglomeration externalities (when controlling for firm characteristics). These externalities are measured with location attributes for localization- (own-sector) and urbanization economies and proximity to transport infrastructures, respectively. The results confirm that firm relocation behavior is affected much more by firm level attributes (size, age and growth rates) than by the agglomeration and accessibility attributes. Still, accessibility and agglomeration are significantly attached to firm relocations, though they vary over sectors. Own-sector and generalized external economies are more important for a firm’s location choices than proximity to transport infrastructures.@en