Hydrogen storage in porous media is a potential solution to the energy distribution problems we might face in the future. Intermittent energy sources such as solar and wind energy need to be accompanied with temporary energy storage to accomodate the times when production and demand do not match. Hydrogen is an energy carrier with a large mass energy density as it can be made completely green through electrolysis and it will not release greenhouse gasses when used to produce energy through combustion process. However it has to be stored in large enough volumes to reach the required energy demand. The storage can be done in the subsurface in either aquifers, depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs or salt caverns which are giant porous or cave volumes available to store compressed gases. At this moment, there is a lack of knowledge for safe and efficient hydrogen storage at reservoir (continuum cm and above) scale and pore scale (micrometer-scale). In a reservoir model the relative permeability and capillary pressure are key parameters to characterise flow behaviour and capacity. These are upscaled parameters we can find through pore-network modelling, among other approaches. For a pore-network model, the contact angle and accompanying wettability characteristics (i.e., interfacial tension) are important to obtain reliable upscaled functions and parameters.
Through the use of a captive bubble method, in this thesis work, we have been able, for the first time, to characterize the contact angle of a hydrogen/brine/rock system at different pressures, temperatures, salinity's and rock compositions. It was found that the contact angle of a hydrogen/brine/rock system is in the range of between 21.1 and 43 degrees. Moreover, for the studied range of varying parameters, the contact angle stayed remained relatively constant. The results of this study are published in the Journal of Advances In Water Resources (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.103964).

Underground Hydrogen storage (UHS) is an attractive technology for large-scale energy storage. The UHS safety and efficiency depends highly on accurate characterization of H2 interactions with reservoir fluids, specially wettability analyses for H2/brine/rock systems. This thesis reports experimental measurements of advancing and receding contact angles of H2/water, N2/water and CO2/water systems at P = 10 bar and T = 20 °C using a microfluidic chip (channel widths: 50 - 130 μm). The results indicate strong water-wet conditions with H2/water advancing and receding contact angles of respectively 13 - 39°, and 6 - 23°. It was found that the contact angles decrease with increasing channel widths. Little hysteresis was measured, and consequently, the results are not in line with Morrow’s curve. The receding contact angle measured in the smallest channel agrees well with the literature coreflood tests. The N2/water and CO2/water systems showed similar behaviours as the H2/water system.