This thesis explores the integration of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 1.4.2, which focuses on land tenure security and the availability of legal documentation. The primary objective is to design and implement a dynamic database system that simulates real-world land administration changes over time, incorporating the complexities of land rights transfers, party relationships, and spatial units. The research leverages PostgreSQL and PostGIS to create a flexible and scalable system capable of managing temporal data and generating SDG 1.4.2 reports.

Through the use of multiple constraints and custom functions, the system ensures data integrity while dynamically tracking changes in land tenure and ownership. Testing was conducted using simulated datasets across three years, which modeled evolving land rights, population changes, and administrative updates. The results were validated by comparing manual calculations with the system’s automated outputs, demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of the approach.

The findings highlight the potential of using LADM in SDG indicator calculations and demonstrate the system’s ability to handle complex, multi-dimensional land administration scenarios. However, limitations such as the use of artificial data and a focus solely on SDG 1.4.2 suggest that further work is needed to validate the model with real-world data and expand its application to other SDG indicators and land-related policies. This thesis contributes to the ongoing efforts to modernize land administration systems and provides a scalable solution for tracking land tenure security in line with global sustainability goals.

Infiltration is the uncontrolled flow of air into the building through the envelope, which contributes to a significant amount of heat loss and is estimated to be around 30% of the heating demand. It is therefore essential to estimate the amount of infiltration, to design a suitable heating and cooling system in a building. Empirical relations which are used to determine infiltration, generally overestimate the infiltration rate, since the effects of weather, mechanical ventilation and building geometry are not taken into account. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to determine the pressure distribution around a building along with an airflow network model to determine the infiltration flow rate. Validation studies of the LES model show that the pressure data at the front and back faces of a surface-mounted cube are accurately captured, whereas, the pressure at the top and side faces slightly deviate from reference data with an error of 16%-20%. This occurs due to a shift in the recirculation region at the top towards the leeward part of the cube surface. The reattachment of the flow is not observed at the top and side surfaces, which explains the deviations in pressure. The infiltration rate is analysed in the Matrix VII building using the in-house model, which combines the LES model and the airflow network model. It is then compared with other relevant standards and models like the NTA 8800 and an energy balance model. The comparison is made in terms of the cross-correlation between the models and the heat loss associated with infiltration. The in-house model shows good cross-correlation with the NTA 8800 model, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.8454. The building standards which employ empirical relations, overestimate the heat loss by a factor of 10 compared to the in-house model. The in-house model is then used to develop a database of infiltration values for different building heights and airtightness values. The specific infiltration rate is observed to decrease in buildings taller than 120 m due to the minimal changes in velocity higher up the atmospheric boundary layer. The database is observed to provide values of infiltration with reasonable accuracy, compared to the existing database in the ISSO standard.

This thesis focuses on the development of a computational model for early-stage design decision support of naturally ventilated terminal structures. The model is developed in a parametric Rhino Grasshopper environment paired with Python coding and CFD analyses through OpenFOAM. Optimization of air distribution parameters is performed with Galapagos evolutionary solver, while optimization of the subsequent geometry is done manually by means of the CFD results of the best-performing variant. Within the thesis a background study is made by means of an interview and literature review, after which analytic calculations and CFD studies are used to test various options and narrow down the domain of solutions for the case of the design of a naturally ventilated terminal structure. Finally, the method itself is developed and validated with a case study that is also used during the development of the model. The result of the thesis is a rapid computational model that allows for the integration of CFD studies into the early-stage design of naturally ventilated terminals with an optimization for the stated objective function. Secondly, the CFD results can be used to give an indication of a more optimal geometry of the hall. The final selection of geometry and the validation are left up to the user to perform afterwards.

“The Dutch built environment - both residential properties of private owners, corporations and investors, as well as offices, schools, shops and commercial real estate – is largely outdated and not energy efficient” (Platform 31, n.d.). 
This research is about making the built environment more sustainable by refurbishing the building envelope in a smart energy efficient way. A focus is placed on post-war walk-up apartments of which 635.000 were constructed in the Netherlands. Renovation (zero-energy) methods for this specific building type are still missing. In this described context the ‘2ndSKIN’ project already conducted research for a new renovation method that integrated building services in the building’s envelope and was therefore used as a starting point. However, in the end the 2ndSKIN project was not efficient enough in terms of costs and space. Therefore, the goal of this research is the design of a new zero-energy renovation method that improves the current method. The approach they used is still promising and it is often seen in other renovation projects. Therefore, it will be used as the base for the new renovation method in this thesis. In addition to the research on the 2ndSKIN project, other renovations methods that involve upgrading the envelope were investigated together with building services and the post-war walk-up apartment typology, forming the first part of this research: the literature review. From the review, different conclusions were found that formed parameters for the design process. There are fixed parameters like, building layout, structure type, size and orientation but also variables such as ventilation systems and heating systems. The parameters form the base for different concepts, that are introduced in the design phase and that lead to the conclusion of this thesis: the design of a new prefabricated zero-energy renovation concept for post-war walk-up apartments, that integrates the building-services in a space and cost-efficient way.

The sustainability of high-rise buildings is always a point of debate and doubt in current research and literature. Several studies have been performed about the zero-energy potential for skyscrapers, however taking into consideration single functions, particularly office and housing buildings. Realistic and modern tall building design however always involves a combination of uses (offices, accommodation, commercial and retail) for the project to be economically viable. On the basis of the Trias Energetica, the primary goal of the early design for sustainable buildings must be to minimize the demand for energy (heating, cooling, hot water, electricity) by means of active or passive techniques. This translates into design guidelines for the shape, orientation, building envelope and climate properties, parameters that have been already widely investigated by researchers and designers in practice. However, an important feature in order to improve the sustainable profile of a building is to employ circular techniques that aim to avoid wasting energy and re-use / re-purpose it. The main objective of this graduation research is to determine the zero-energy potential for high-rise buildings by taking advantage of a mixed-use scheme and examining the possibilities for energy exchange and cooperation between different functions by means of storing energy in the form of warm and cold-water tanks. This research aims to determine which synergetic combinations between functions can be performed, what type of building systems and technology can be used and, by establishing a complete energy simulation, conclude on what are the energy benefits for the building on a yearly basis . The results will be an important addition to the sustainable design for “MEGA” scale projects, according to the forthcoming Dutch regulation that after 2020 all newly built buildings must comply with the nearly zero energy guidelines.

In order to counter climate change many approaches have been taken to make
the building sector more sustainable. But for porch houses there aren't many
solutions on the market. This research project uses one of the approaches that
is does focus on porch houses, 2ndskin. In march 2018 a demonstrator project
has been build in Vlaardingen using the 2ndskin approach. The research found a
problem with integrating the installations, they took up a lot of space and were so heavy that an extra foundation was needed. This problem is not unique to 2ndskin or the zero-on-the-meter renovations of porch houses, it's a problem in other sustainable projects as well. Therefore this research has looked into the following problem:

The installations needed to renovate a post-war porch house in accordance with the 2ndskin approach are too heavy and take up a lot of valuable space.

Current systems have been analyzed in order to solve this problem. The
comparison of these systems unveiled the main causes of the size and weight
of these systems: Empty space between the installations, placement of the
connections, required space for installation and maintenance, the kind of
installations used and the integration between them. In the end three concepts
where presented. Prioritizing different aims, the concepts show different ways
to integrate the installations according to different priorities.. For the 2ndskin
demonstrator project these concepts show that its possible to decrease the by
50% to 70% and the weight by 30% to 60%. The amount of possible decrease
depends on the priorities within the project. But, smaller installations spaces are
possible when designing from within the installations instead of around it.

Problem definition and objective. Since the industrialization in the 18th century, urbanized and industrial countries base their whole economies on the consumption and destruction of fossil fuel and raw materials. In the past decades, after observing gradual global climate change, most governments
acknowledge the environmental impact of their system and want a change. One way to reduce the pressure on the earth is by shifting to the circular economy. In terms of energy this means that society should be completely disconnected from fossil based energy and switch torenewable energy. The objective of this research was to look at the potentials for a local energy network in an existing
city context and to design a local energy system. A Lidl supermarket forms the centre of the system. In addition to this, a new element is introduced to the
built environment : the urban rooftop greenhouse. Study design. Broad literature survey on circularity, later converging to energy related literature studies. This is followed an energy analysis of a modern Lidl supermarket and energy balances are calculated for a greenhouse and a supermarket. The energy system is based on these energy balances.
Setting. This research focuses on one residential city block in Amsterdam Oud-West, the Netherlands. The block is enclosed by the Eerste Helmerstraat, Alberdingk Thijmstraat, Tweede Helmerstraat and the Nassaukade (52°21’51.7”N - 4°52’38.1”E). The Lidl located in this city block forms the case study of the research and will be refurbished/modernised in the near future. Two potential residential buildings are identified in this city block and are included in the energy system.
Supermarket analysis. A modern and sustainable Lidl supermarket in Stein is analysed to determine the energy performance of the refurbished Lidl in Amsterdam.
Energy quantification. Energy balances of the Lidl supermarket and the rooftop greenhouse are calculated. The energy system is based on the values retrieved from these energy balances. The heat demand of the local dwelling is determined from the literature survey.
Designing the energy model. The greenhouse, the supermarket and adjacent dwelling form an energetic triangle. First, the possibilities of energetic collaboration between individual components are explored. Secondly,
all components are connected with each other through an underground energy storage. The size and indoor climate of the greenhouse are determined based on the required balance of this energy storage.
Urban design. Energy values and schemes are translated into a rough urban design proposal. Also social cohesion is taken into account here.
Results. Energetic interventions are translated into emission cutbacks of CO2. The present situation, based on conventional climate systems, is compared with the all-electric situation from the designed energy model. The energy system designed in this research results in a cumulative CO2 emission reduction of 60%.
Design tool. All possible parameters that influence the energetic performance of the system are collected in one Excel design tool. This tool allows for fast alterations to the design to achieve a balanced energy storage and changes are immediately translated to CO2 emission cutbacks.