Macro-tidal coral reefs are particularly sensitive to medium to long-term changes in sea-level. Vertical motions of the seabed contribute to both lower or higher relative sea-level changes, particularly in tectonic plate boundary deformation zones along active subduction trenches. Phuket Island in Southern Thailand is subject to both horizontal and vertical land deformations during the seismic cycle of mega thrust earthquakes along the Sumatra and Andaman trenches. The relative sea-level changes in this region were historically monitored using the space geodetic techniques GPS and satellite altimetry alongside the traditional tide-gauge measurements over a period of almost 25 years. The GPS results show that the south of Thailand is still undergoing post-seismic deformations from the 2004 Mw 9.2 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, after a significant change in the vertical motion of Phuket: from stable quasi-linear uplift at 2.5 ± 0.2 mm/yr, to (temporary) non-linear subsidence rates of 5–10 mm/yr in the past 14 quake aftermath years. The satellite altimetry data estimates the absolute sea-level rise in the Andaman Sea around the island at 3.9 ± 0.5 mm/yr. Therefore relative sea-level changes in Phuket appear to have been slightly positive until the end of 2004, followed by a significant increase averaging ~9 mm/yr that accumulated in 12 ± 1 cm by the end of 2018. Tide-gauge data gives a very similar result. The increased sea-level rise from 2005 onwards, due to tectonic land subsidence, correlates with the enhanced shallow coral reef growth and swift recoveries from bleaching events reported by long-term coral studies in this area.

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Effects of combined rising sea temperature and increasing sea level on coral reefs, both factors associated with global warming, have rarely been addressed. In this ~40 y study of shallow reefs in the eastern Indian Ocean, we show that a rising relative sea level, currently estimated at ~11 mm y−1, has not only promoted coral cover but also has potential to limit damaging effects of thermally-induced bleaching. In 2010 the region experienced the most severe bleaching on record with corals subject to sea temperatures of >31 °C for 7 weeks. While the reef flats studied have a common aspect and are dominated by a similar suite of coral species, there was considerable spatial variation in their bleaching response which corresponded with reef-flat depth. Greatest loss of coral cover and community structure disruption occurred on the shallowest reef flats. Damage was less severe on the deepest reef flat where corals were subject to less aerial exposure, rapid flushing and longer submergence in turbid waters. Recovery of the most damaged sites took only ~8 y. While future trajectories of these resilient reefs will depend on sea-level anomalies, and frequency of extreme bleaching the positive role of rising sea level should not be under-estimated.@en