This study was conducted to examine the advantages and possibilities of VR as a research method for residential burglary-related studies by comparing two different experimental tools, image and VR. A hypothetical situation of a motivated burglar looking for an appropriate criminal target within a typical detached house block in the suburbs was set up to investigate which architectural design variables the participants used as clues for decision-making. As a result of comparing the image and VR, there was a meaningful difference between the two test results. The same results were obtained from the variables related to the ease of intrusion, while variables related to the risk of detection were only significant in the VR experiment. In addition, it was revealed that the participants made decisions based on more specific judgments and comprehensively considered various environmental conditions in the VR experiment. This confirmed the advantages of VR as an experimental tool for investigating the residential burglars' target selection. Also, VR is expected to be utilized as a new experimental tool, especially in the field of environmental behavior that investigates human behavior in a specific space with various environmental variables.@en

The purpose of this study is to develop a vulnerability assessment model of explosive terrorism in multi-use buildings focusing mainly on architectural design elements. First, in order to extract the weights of each assessment element, expert surveys with four anti-terrorism specialists were conducted twice. The results imply that the risk of bomb attack in buildings is influenced more by the vulnerability of the layers of defense, the supplementary groups, and the scenarios of explosion than by the vulnerability of assessment elements. Second, the vulnerability assessment model was developed to calculate the vulnerability level of each layer of defense and scenario of explosive terrorism individually as well as the overall vulnerability level of a building. This model reflects the relative importance and supplementary effects of elements. Third, two multi-use buildings were assessed using the developed model to analyze the vulnerability level of each layer of defense, supplementary group, and the entire building. Based on the results of the case study, cost-efficient design alternatives to reduce the vulnerability of a building were presented.@en

The purpose of this study is to survey the perspectives of architectural design practitioners on the anti-terrorism design of multi-use buildings. According to the results of the survey, practitioners highly evaluated the contribution of anti-terrorism design for buildings to prevent explosive terrorism and mitigate the damage from the explosion, but their awareness of anti-terrorism design guidelines was relatively low.In the evaluation of the importance of each anti-terrorism design strategy, both similarities and differences between the opinions of experts and practitioners were revealed. Especially, the importance of design strategies related to the layout of facility, such as buildings, outdoor streets, and ground parking area, was evaluated relatively low by design practitioners. Since this strategy is known to be one of the main factors affecting the risk of explosive, it is necessary to encourage design practitioners to consider the layout design for anti-terrorism from the preliminary design stage.Based on the results of surveys, the following improvements for the design guidelines of anti-terrorism can be suggested. Firstly, the description of purpose and relative importance of each design strategy should be fully explained, and design elements and techniques for each design strategy should be specified. Secondly, design elements should be categorized by design strategy according to the function and the purpose so that, if the application of the specific design element is impossible or difficult, substitutable elements can be considered to achieve the goal of the design strategy. Finally, appropriate information should be provided so that practitioners understand how to apply the design strategies and the design elements at each stage of design.@en

As a preliminary step for developing vulnerability assessment model of terrorism, this study aims to deduce and classify architectural design elements of multi-use buildings to protect them from terrorism using explosives. For these objectives, eleven domestic and foreign guidelines of anti-terrorism, including RVS which is one of the commonly used tools for assessing vulnerability to terrorism, were analyzed. As results, 2 scenarios of explosive attack, 4 layers of defense, and 58 architectural design elements for risk assessment of terrorism were deduced. And the design elements were categorized into 18 groups based on their purpose and function to take into account the supplementary effects among them. Then, the design measures applicable for each element were classified into several grades on the basis of its protection or risk level. Lastly, 11 multi-use buildings were selected and investigated how the elements suggested in this study were applied to them.@en

The purpose of this study is to suggest the color schemes of the kitchen that are easily discernable for both elderly and normal vision while maintaining the original mood. For this objective, 105 kitchens in model apartment houses were selected for analysis and the current trend in color scheme of the kitchens was figured out. The levels of discernment of the cases were examined using the criteria of color scheme for the elderly developed in our previous study. The most frequently used colors in the kitchen were the hue of Y with low value and the 66.7% of the cases were belonged to the image-scales of "Natural-1" and "Natural-2". The only 11.43% of the cases satisfied all criteria developed and the most frequently unsatisfied criteria was the criteria I. And the 51.28% of cases unsatisfied two or more criteria. From these results, it could be said that most color combinations in apartment kitchens found in Korea are difficult to discern for the elderly. In conclusion, based on the results of analysis, five cases considered as a representative of each group of image-scale were selected, and, with the perspective of universal design in mind, alternative color schemes for each case that were more easily discernable for both elderly and normal vision while maintaining the original mood were suggested.@en