Achieving a sustainable future necessitates a fundamental transition in both consumption and production patterns, as outlined in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12. The urgency to adapt consumption patterns has grown due to criticisms surrounding the limitations of traditional approaches aimed at decoupling economic growth from energy use. In response, the concept of “sufficiency,” which emphasizes reducing raw material and energy consumption while maintaining quality of life, has emerged as a pivotal component in sustainability discussions.
Within the tourism mobility sector, sufficiency holds particular promise for sustainability, as it encourages behaviors such as shorter travel distances and increased reliance on public transportation. This is especially crucial given that the transport industry significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, with tourism mobility representing a key area for improvement.
This thesis investigates sufficiency and sufficient behaviors within tourism mobility, ultimately leading to the development of a design toolkit aimed at facilitating future projects. The research identifies three types of sufficient tourism mobility—absolute reductions, modal shifts, and sharing practices—alongside associated specific behaviors. A conceptual model integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Norm Activation Model (NAM), and external costs was created to predict these behaviors. Analysis of 191 responses through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) revealed that subjective norms and attitudes are significant drivers of sufficient tourism mobility behaviors.
To translate these insights into actionable outcomes, a toolkit was developed through iterative design processes, supported by a co-creation session to identify intervention strategies. This toolkit provides resources for designers and stakeholders to foster sufficient tourism mobility behaviors effectively. While the findings primarily reflect European contexts, they offer a foundation for further exploration of sufficiency in tourism mobility design and may inform similar initiatives in other mobility domains.