The authors regret having incorrectly written in equation (7) that the fraction of surviving cells (SF) is obtained using the natural logarithm of the negative value of the number of lethal lesions L_f. The natural logarithm must be replaced by the exponential function as follows: [Formula presented] Although the equation is incorrectly written in the paper, its correct expression has been used in the results of the analysis shown in Figure 4. This error has no impact on the other results and conclusions of the paper. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

The advancement of multidisciplinary research fields dealing with ionising radiation induced biological damage – radiobiology, radiation physics, radiation protection and, in particular, medical physics – requires a clear mechanistic understanding of how cellular damage is induced by ionising radiation. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations provide a promising approach for the mechanistic simulation of radiation transport and radiation chemistry, towards the in silico simulation of early biological damage. We have recently developed a fully integrated MC simulation that calculates early single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs) in a fractal chromatin based human cell nucleus model. The results of this simulation are almost equivalent to past MC simulations when considering direct/indirect strand break fraction, DSB yields and fragment distribution. The simulation results agree with experimental data on DSB yields within 13.6% on average and fragment distributions agree within an average of 34.8%.

Mechanistic modelling of DNA damage in Monte Carlo simulations is highly sensitive to the parameters that define DNA damage. In this work, we use a simple testing geometry to investigate how different choices of physics models and damage model parameters can change the estimation of DNA damage in a mechanistic DNA damage simulation built in Geant4-DNA. The choice of physics model can lead to variations by up to a factor of two in the yield of physically induced strand breaks, and the parameters that determine scavenging, and physical and chemical single strand break induction can have even larger consequences. Using low energy electrons as primary particles, a variety of parameters are tested in this geometry in order to arrive at a parameter set consistent with past simulation studies. We find that the modelling of scavenging can play an important role in determining results, and speculate that high-scavenging regimes, where only chemical radicals within 1 nm of DNA are simulated, could provide a good means of testing mechanistic DNA simulations.

We extended a generic Geant4 application for mechanistic DNA damage simulations to an Escherichia coli cell geometry, finding electron damage yields and proton damage yields largely in line with experimental results. Depending on the simulation of radical scavenging, electrons double strand breaks (DSBs) yields range from 0.004 to 0.010 DSB Gy⁻¹ Mbp⁻¹, while protons have yields ranging from 0.004 DSB Gy⁻¹ Mbp⁻¹ at low LETs and with strict assumptions concerning scavenging, up to 0.020 DSB Gy⁻¹ Mbp⁻¹ at high LETs and when scavenging is weakest. Mechanistic DNA damage simulations can provide important limits on the extent to which physical processes can impact biology in low background experiments. We demonstrate the utility of these studies for low dose radiation biology calculating that in E. coli, the median rate at which the radiation background induces double strand breaks is 2.8 × 10⁻⁸ DSB day⁻¹, significantly less than the mutation rate per generation measured in E. coli, which is on the order of 10⁻³.

We report on the recent progress within the Geant4 electromagnetic physics subpackages. Several new interfaces and models recently introduced are already used in LHC applications and may be useful for any type of simulation. Significant developments were carried out to improve the user interface, develop models of single and multiple scattering, and validate high energy models. Part of these developments are included in the Geant4 10.2 release and the full set are available in the new version 10.3 of December, 2016.