This work assessed the accuracy of the SU2 flow solver in predicting the isentropic expansion of Siloxane MM through the converging-diverging nozzle test section of the Organic Rankine Cycle Hybrid Integrated Device (ORCHID) [9]. The expansion is modeled using compressible Euler equations, and assuming adiabatic flow, while the fluid thermodynamic properties are estimated using the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The boundary conditions for the experiment and simulations correspond to a stagnation temperature and pressure of T¯0=253.7∘C and P¯0=18.36bar. At these inlet conditions the compressibility factor of the fluid is Z₀= 0.58. The back pressure was equal to P¯b=2.21bar. The Mach number along the centreline, and static pressure along the nozzle surface were used as the system response quantities for the validation exercise. The studied SU2 model provides valid predictions for Mach number and static pressure. The largest deviation observed in the Mach number comparison between the simulation and experiment is in the uniform flow region of the nozzle and is equal to E_Mach= 0.045. Regarding the pressure trend, the largest discrepancy occurs in the kernel region and is equal to E_pressure= 9 kPa. At the same time, the simulated Mach number and static pressure reach a maximum absolute uncertainty of ± 0.015 and of ± 20 kPa, respectively. For both quantities, these values are reached in the region close to the throat. All the uncertainties calculated for the simulated pressure profile were larger than those of the experiments. The static pressure is particularly sensitive to the geometrical uncertainties of the nozzle profile, especially inside the kernel region. A proper characterisation of the nozzle geometry was therefore required to perform a meaningful validation of the fluid dynamic solver. The developed infrastructure can be used in the future for the validation of SU2 in different operating conditions and flow cases.

This paper describes an experiment conducted within the nozzle test section of the Organic Rankine Cycle Hybrid Integrated Device (ORCHID) aimed at providing accurate data for the validation of NICFD flow solvers [5]. A supersonic flow of the dense vapor siloxane MM established in the nozzle of the setup was characterized by means of the schlieren technique and by pressure taps along the nozzle profile. The nozzle inlet conditions corresponded to a stagnation temperature and pressure of T0=253∘C and P0=18.36bara. At these inlet conditions, the compressibility factor of the fluid is Z₀= 0.58. The nozzle backpressure was equal to Pb=2.2bara. The experimental data-set includes: 1) the average mid-plane local Mach number, which was derived from the schlieren images by estimating the angle of the Mach waves originating from the roughness of the upper and lower nozzle surfaces, 2) the angle of a shock wave generated by a 5^∘ wedge placed at the nozzle exit, also detectable in the schlieren images, and 3) the static pressure distribution along the flow expansion acquired with a Scanivalve DSA3218 pressure scanner device. The Mach number at the nozzle exit estimated based on the schlieren images is M= 1.95 ± 0.05, very close to the expected value of M= 2 according to the design conditions of the experiment. The static pressure measurements have a maximum absolute uncertainty amounting to ± 1.80 kPa in the initial stages of the expansion. This information was used to assess the capability of the open-source SU2 flow solver in evaluating the NICFD effects in a supersonic flow of MM when the fluid thermodynamic properties are modeled with a cubic equation of state. For this purpose, two-dimensional Euler simulations were carried out with SU2 for the operating conditions achieved in the experiment. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The largest deviation between the simulation and experiment is observed in the nozzle uniform region, where two dips in the Mach number occur due to a slight local decrease in flow velocity owing to two weak shock waves. The shock wave generated by the wedge located at the nozzle outlet propagates with two different angles, namely, β_above= 37. 6^∘± 0.86, and β_below= 31. 6^∘± 0.64, due to the axial misalignment of the wedge with respect to the flow.