Open-shell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent promising building blocks for carbon-based functional magnetic materials. Their magnetic properties stem from the presence of unpaired electrons localized in radical states of π character. Consequently, these materials are inclined to exhibit spin delocalization, form extended collective states, and respond to the flexibility of the molecular backbones. However, they are also highly reactive, requiring structural strategies to protect the radical states from reacting with the environment. Here, we demonstrate that the open-shell ground state of the diradical 2-OS survives on a Au(111) substrate as a global singlet formed by two unpaired electrons with antiparallel spins coupled through a conformational-dependent interaction. The 2-OS molecule is a “protected” derivative of the Chichibabin’s diradical, featuring a nonplanar geometry that destabilizes the closed-shell quinoidal structure. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we localized the two interacting spins at the molecular edges, and detected an excited triplet state a few millielectronvolts above the singlet ground state. Mean-field Hubbard simulations reveal that the exchange coupling between the two spins strongly depends on the torsional angles between the different molecular moieties, suggesting the possibility of influencing the molecule’s magnetic state through structural changes. This was demonstrated here using the STM tip to manipulate the molecular conformation, while simultaneously detecting changes in the spin excitation spectrum. Our work suggests the potential of these PAHs as all-carbon spin-crossover materials.@en

A magnetic atom inside a superconductor locally distorts superconductivity. It scatters Cooper pairs as a potential with broken time-reversal symmetry, leading to localized bound states with subgap excitation energies, named Shiba states. Most conventional approaches regarding Shiba states treat magnetic impurities as point scatterers with isotropic exchange interaction. Here, we show that the number and the shape of Shiba states are correlated to the spin-polarized atomic orbitals of the impurity, hybridized with the superconductor. Using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy, we spatially map the five Shiba excitations found on subsurface chromium atoms in Pb(111), resolving their particle and hole components. While particle components resemble d orbitals of embedded Cr atoms, hole components differ strongly from them. Density functional theory simulations correlate the orbital shapes to the magnetic ground state of the atom, and identify scattering channels and interactions, all valuable tools for designing atomic-scale superconducting devices.

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