Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) are vital for long-duration and remote space missions to increase mission sustainability. These systems break down human waste materials into nutrients and CO2 for plants and other edible organisms, which in turn provide food, fresh water, and oxygen for astronauts. The central idea is to create a materially closed loop, which can significantly reduce mission mass and volume by cutting down or even eliminating disposable waste. In most BLSS studies only a fraction of the resources, such as food, are provided by the system itself, with the rest taken on board at departure or provided through resupply missions. However, for autonomous long-duration space missions without any possibility of resupply, a BLSS that generates all resources with minimal or no material loss, is essential. The goal of this study is to develop a stoichiometric model of a conceptually fully closed BLSS that provides all the metabolic needs of the crew and organisms. The MELiSSA concept of the European Space Agency is used as reference system, consisting of five interconnected compartments, each inhabited by different types of organisms. A detailed review of publicly available MELiSSA literature from 1989 to 2022 revealed that no existing stoichiometric model met the study’s requirements. Therefore, a new stoichiometric model was developed to describe the cycling of the elements C, H, O, and N through all five MELiSSA compartments and one auxiliary compartment. A compact set of chemical equations with fixed coefficients was established for this purpose. A spreadsheet model simulates the flow of all relevant compounds for a crew of six. By balancing the dimensions of the different compartments, a high degree of closure is attained at steady state, with 12 out of 14 compounds exhibiting zero loss, and oxygen and CO2 displaying only minor losses between iterations. This is the first stoichiometric model of a MELiSSA-inspired BLSS that describes a continuous provision of 100% of the food and oxygen needs of the crew. The stoichiometry serves as the foundation of an agent-based model of the MELiSSA loop, as part of the Evolving Asteroid Starships (E|A|S) research project.@en

To enable sustainable long-duration human space flight, regenerative life support systems (RLSS) will be indispensable. Waste materials will need to be processed and transformed back into nutrients for life-supporting ecosystems. MELiSSA (Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative) is a well-documented and studied example of such an RLSS, developed by the European Space Agency. The system consists of five interconnected compartments: a crew compartment, an edible plant/algae compartment, and three types of bioreactors. The microorganisms in the bioreactors gradually break down the waste materials of the astronauts and provide the edible plants and algae with their necessary resources. This paper proposes a model of an agent-based system (ABM) of MELiSSA in which the five compartments and their interactions are modeled and implemented using virtual agents that represent humans, plant plots, and bioreactors. The model also includes the corresponding mass flows of chemicals. For each type of agent, its properties, behavior, life cycle, and rules of interaction are described. An 'administrator agent' implements 'top-down' rules for overall control where needed. The behavior of each biological agent is modeled according to the expected behavior and main chemical reactions within each MELiSSA compartment, as documented in publicly available sources. Rules implemented to describe the complete life cycle of the agents - e.g., growth curves and susceptibility to nourishment deficits - are also included. This 'bottom-up' approach, characteristic for ABM, allows for the emergence of patterns that provide insight into the behavior of the overall system. In addition, the mass flows are made visible as the different chemical compounds are exchanged between compartments. This agent-based system of MELiSSA is, in fact, a simulation platform with which the behavior of the cycle as a whole, down to its individual agents, enables exploration of the robustness of the system and the impact of stressors on survivability. A series of simulation experiments has been set up for this purpose. Two types of stressors are used in these experiments. First, stochastic outputs from at least one of the compartments, beginning with the crew compartment. Second, environmental stressors, more specifically cosmic radiation causing loss of metabolic functionality and particle impact causing catastrophic failure of parts of the life support system. This research is part of the E|A|S (Evolving Asteroid Starships) project by the DSTART team at Delft University of Technology. The project entails conceptual research on interstellar travel, including onboard regenerative ecosystems.@en