Moored vessels are subject to wave forces and moments at different frequencies, which induce motions of the body and can be transferred to the mooring lines and fenders. Under extreme forces and vessel motions, dangerous line breaking accidents can occur or the ship movements can be simply too large to continue the loading/unloading process, causing downtime of the port. An accurate modelling of the waves in the harbour and the response of moored ships is of prime importance to determine the safety and workability of the berths.

In Royal HaskoningDHV, a time domain conventional work flow (MIKE 21 BW - Harberth) is used for years. In this project the combination of the wave model SWASH and the frequency domain 3D diffraction model DIFFRAC to compute wave forces acting on moored ships is investigated, this proposed approach using the SWASH wave model comes as a possible alternative to the current practice of Royal HaskoningDHV, who experienced a sequence of numerical issues while simulating extreme incident waves with an operational Boussinesq-type model.

The objectives of the study leads to the following research question: To which extent can the SWASH wave model and the DIFFRAC model be combined in order to accurately compute wave forces acting on moored ships?

To answer this research question, the coupling tool to combine SWASH and DIFFRAC is developed with 'Full FFT' method and 'Partial Overlapping FFT' method. The coupling tool developed to combine the SWASH and DIFFRAC models proved to be consistent for the simplified tested conditions. The first-order forces computed using SWASH and DIFFRAC are generally well predicted, while larger deviations can occur for the second-order forces. This is mainly because the simplification of waterline geometry made by DIFFRAC in the computation of second-order forces.

The proposed approach using the SWASH and DIFFRAC models, combined with the developed coupling tool, is validated against model test data of waves and forces acting on a restrained ship (including regular, irregular long-crested and irregular short-crested waves in open water case and basin case). Based on the result from validation, this new developed frequency domain approach has been proven competitive with respect to the current time domain approach in both accuracy and time consuming , and can be applied to future projects.

Large water motion inside the moonpool of vessels operating in waves can be excited by pressure fluctuations produced by external waves and vessel motion. Extreme consequences of this effect may include injuries for crew members, and damages to deck equipment resulting in downtime for the vessel. The accepted method to predict this non-linear phenomenon is a combination of model tests and potential solver. Nevertheless, model tests are generally conducted at the end of the design phase leading to serious problems if the moonpool performance is not sufficient. CFD solvers proved their capability of modelling complex flow phenomena and their use as a design tool for the moonpool is growing. However, a complete verification & validation is still missing. In the present work the water motion inside a moonpool and the forces on the hull, for a vessel in head waves without forward speed, are estimated using the MARIN software ReFRESCO. In doing so, the goal is to define the accuracy of the code for a rectangular moonpool with sharp edges without additional damping devices. For a deeper comprehension of the physics involved, a stepwise approach was followed. The work starts with an empty domain in which only regular waves were generated to assess the propagation and absorption of waves in ReFRESCO. Secondly, fixed vessel simulations were performed to study the influence of grid dimension, mesh refinement and boundary conditions. Then forced heave oscillations were simulated to estimate the damping and added mass. Verification studies were carried out for all the presented to this point. Finally, results from free-floating simulations were validated against experimental results.