Large cruise ships can carry 10 000 persons onboard, and consequently, survivability of the ship in the event of a flooding accident is essential. Many designers are already conducting advanced damage stability analyses beyond the regulatory requirements. With increased computing capacity, survivability analyses, by using time-domain simulation tools, are already commonly applied in the design of new cruise ships. Consequently, it is essential that such tools are properly validated, in terms of ship response and detailed flooding behavior, to assess the capability and applicability of the tools. For this purpose, an international benchmark study on simulation of flooding and motions of damaged cruise ships was conducted within the EU Horizon 2020 project FLARE, using experimental data from new dedicated model tests as a reference. The test cases include transient and progressive flooding, both in calm water and in irregular beam seas. The results indicate that capsize is properly captured by simulation codes, but there are notable differences in the flooding progression and capsize mechanisms, especially when flooding takes place in high waves.

Survivability of damaged ships, especially ro-ro/passenger (ropax) vessels, is of paramount interest. Nowadays, time-domain simulation of flooding and motions of damaged ships are more frequently performed to obtain a more realistic overview of the actual survivability in case of a flooding accident. An international benchmark study on simulation of flooding and motions of damaged ropax vessels was conducted within the EU Horizon 2020 project FLARE, using new dedicated model tests as a reference. The test cases include transient flooding in both calm water and in irregular beam seas, as well as gradual flooding and capsizing in beam seas. The studied damage case is a two-compartment collision damage, and the studied intact metacentric height values were lower than the statutory requirements to achieve also capsize cases. Numerical results were carefully compared against measurement data from the model tests. In transient flooding cases the capsize conditions were generally detected well by most codes. However, much variation was observed in the internal flooding and capsize mechanisms. For gradual flooding in beam seas, the results for capsize rate and time-to-capsize were characterized by significant variability among the codes. Results indicate that more research is needed to further improve the time-domain flooding simulation methods to correctly capture both transient flooding phenomena and motions of damaged ship in high waves.