High temperature biosyngas cleaning is more efficient when the end user operates at elevated temperature, as in biomass gasifier solid oxide fuel cell systems. However, there is not much experience with this technology and low temperature gas cleaning is usually adopted. This paper advances current knowledge by presenting the results from the investigation of side reactions catalysed by commercially available sorbents involving biosyngas main components, and the results obtained with the pilot plant developed within the Horizon2020 project “Flexifuel-SOFC”. K₂CO₃, used for HCl removal, appeared catalytically active towards the water gas shift reaction. Under conditions representative of a real system, the residence time was not sufficient for the gas composition to reach thermodynamic equilibrium. ZnO–CuO, used for H₂S removal, showed a catalytic activity significantly higher. Both sorbents seemed not active towards the methanation reaction. The pilot plant tests confirmed the occurrence of the WGS reaction in the HCl removal reactor. The sorbents decreased H₂S and HCl below the target value of 1 ppmv for H₂S and 5 ppmv for HCl. The catalytic activity of sorbents and the heat released by these reactions should be carefully considered in the design phase of high temperature gas cleaning units.

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The objective of the current work is to support the design of a pilot hydrogen and electricity producing plant that uses natural gas (or biomethane) as raw material, as a transition option towards a 100% renewable transportation system. The plant, with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) as principal technology, is intended to be the main unit of an electric vehicle station. The refueling station has to work at different operation periods characterized by the hydrogen demand and the electricity needed for supply and self-consumption. The same set of heat exchangers has to satisfy the heating and cooling needs of the different operation periods. In order to optimize the operating variables of the pilot plant and to provide the best heat exchanger network, the applied methodology follows a systematic procedure for multi-objective, i.e. maximum plant efficiency and minimum number of heat exchanger matches, and multi-period optimization. The solving strategy combines process flow modeling in steady state, superstructure-based mathematical programming and the use of an evolutionary-based algorithm for optimization. The results show that the plant can reach a daily weighted efficiency exceeding 60%, up to 80% when considering heat utilization.@en

An efficient and fuel flexible micro-scale biomass CHP technology based on the combination of a small-scale updraft gasifier with a SOFC system has been developed within the EU H2020 project FlexiFuel-SOFC. High load flexibility and a maximum of full load operating hours of the CHP system is achieved by operating the CHP part of the plant with a side stream (product gas extracted from the gasifier) of a heat controlled system (gas burner and boiler as well as heat recovery). A gas cleaning unit (GCU) for the treatment of the side stream according to the requirements for the operation of the SOFC regarding contaminant (H2S, HCl) and TSP removal as well as tar content reduction was designed, constructed and successfully evaluated. After successful test of the GCU comprehensive test runs with the SOFC followed. Overall more than 300 hours of GCU operation and 250 hours with SOFC operation could be achieved with different biomass fuels. The gas quality was satisfactory and the SOFC system achieved its nominal capacity (6 kWel). Following, the basic proof of concept for the new technology could be gained.

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Contemporary combined heat and power (CHP) systems are often based on fossil fuels, such as natural gas or heating oil. Thereby, small-scale cogeneration systems are intended to replace or complement traditional heating equipment in residential buildings. In addition to space heating or domestic hot water supply, electricity is generated for the own consumption of the building or to be sold to the electric power grid. The adaptation of CHP-systems to renewable energy sources, such as solid biomass applications is challenging, because of feedstock composition and heat integration. Nevertheless, in particular smallscale CHP technologies based on biomass gasification and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer significant potentials, also regarding important co-benefits, such as security of energy supply as well as emission reductions in terms of greenhouse gases or air pollutants. Besides emission or air quality regulations, the development of CHP technologies for clean on-site small-scale power generation is also strongly incentivised by energy efficiency policies for residential appliances, such as e.g. Ecodesign and Energy Labelling in the European Union (EU). Furthermore, solid residual biomass as renewable local energy source is best suited for decentralised operations such as micro-grids, also to reduce long-haul fuel transports. By this means such distributed energy resource technology can become an essential part of a forward-looking strategy for net zero energy or even smart plus energy buildings. In this context, this paper presents preliminary impact assessment results and most recent environmental considerations from the EU Horizon 2020 project "FlexiFuel-SOFC" (Grant Agreement no. 641229), which aims at the development of a novel CHP system, consisting of a fuel flexible smallscale fixed-bed updraft gasifier technology, a compact gas cleaning concept and an SOFC for electricity generation. Besides sole system efficiencies, in particular resource and emission aspects of solid fuel combustion and net electricity effects need to be considered. The latter means that vastly less emission intensive gasifier-fuel cell CHP technologies cause significant less fuel related emissions than traditional heating systems, an effect which is further strengthened by avoided emissions from more emission intensive traditional grid electricity generation. As promising result, operation "net" emissions of such on-site generation installations may be virtually zero or even negative. Additionally, this paper scopes central regulatory instruments for small-scale CHP systems in the EU to discuss ways to improve the framework for system deployment.@en

During recent years comprehensive work has been done on the development of small-scale solid biomass based combined heat and power generation technologies but still only few systems are available, their efficiencies are rather moderate, their fuel flexibility is restricted and their market penetration is poor. Against this background, the on-going Horizon 2020 project FlexiFuel-SOFC aims at the development of a new, highly efficient and fuel-flexible micro-scale biomass CHP technology for a capacity range of 25 to 150 kW (fuel power). The technology consists of an updraft gasifier, a gas cleaning system and a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The new technology is developed with a main focus on (i) the further development of a small-scale fixed-bed updraft gasifier technology towards higher fuel flexibility and integration into the SOFC based CHP system, (ii) the development of a novel and compact gas cleaning unit and (iii) the further development of a SOFC system (stack efficiency of ~40 % with product gas from the updraft gasifier). A first testing plant has been designed, constructed and is presently taken into operation. @en