In this study, we develop a methodology to evaluate and benchmark the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) products. Our approach integrates Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) measurements and measurements at and around corner reflectors (CRs), targeting the three product levels of the EGMS. We employ statistical tests to identify significant differences in the comparisons, focusing on time series, velocity estimation, and geopositioning. The study applies this practical methodology to evaluate the first EGMS product from 2015 and 2021 over various European test sites with significant surface deformation. The results consistently demonstrate a solid time series and velocity correlation between EGMS and GNSS at the tested sites, with, e.g., most of the differences between velocities being below 2 mm/year. This methodology, implemented in Python notebooks, ensures reproducible results and allows for validating the EGMS over other locations.

@en

The European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) is part of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) managed by the EEA (European Environment Agency) [1]. EGMS is based on the full resolution InSAR processing of ESA Sentinel-1 (S1) acquisitions over Europe (Copernicus Participating states) [2]. The first release or baseline includes ground motion time-series between 2015 and 2020. This open data service has yearly updates.The EGMS employs persistent scatterer (PS) and distributed scatterer (DS) in combination with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) model to calibrate the ground motion products. This public dataset consists of three products levels (L2a/Basic, L2b/Calibrated and L3/Ortho). The Basic and Calibrated product levels are full resolution (20x5m) Line of sight (Los) velocity maps from ascending/descending orbits. The Ortho product offers horizontal (East-West) and vertical (Up-Down) anchored to the reference geodetic model resampled at 100x100m.The objective of this paper is to describe the independent validation of this continental scale ground motion time-series dataset. The goal is to ensure that the EGMS products are consistent with user requirements and product specifications and they cover the expected range of applications. To evaluate the fitness of the EGMS ground motion data service 7 reproducible validation activities (VA) have been developed gathering validation data from 50 sites across 12 European countries. Last but not least, a software environment has been developed to carry out all the validation activities and describe/store the data coming from the validation sites.

@en

Major rivers have traditionally been linked with important human settlements throughout history. The growth of cities over recent river deposits makes necessary the use of multidisciplinary approaches to characterize the evolution of drainage networks in urbanized areas. Since under-consolidated fluvial sediments are especially sensitive to compaction, their spatial distribution, thickness, and mechanical behavior must be studied. Here, we report on subsidence in the city of Seville (Southern Spain) between 2003 and 2010, through the analysis of the results obtained with the Multi-Temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) technique. In addition, the temporal evolution of the subsidence is correlated with the rainfall, the river water column and the piezometric level. Finally, we characterize the geotechnical parameters of the fluvial sediments and calculate the theoretical settlement in the most representative sectors. Deformation maps clearly indicate that the spatial extent of subsidence is controlled by the distribution of under-consolidated fine-grained fluvial sediments at heights comprised in the range of river level variation. This is clearly evident at the western margin of the river and the surroundings of its tributaries, and differs from rainfall results as consequence of the anthropic regulation of the river. On the other hand, this influence is not detected at the eastern margin due to the shallow presence of coarse-grain consolidated sediments of different terrace levels. The derived results prove valuable for implementing urban planning strategies, and the InSAR technique can therefore be considered as a complementary tool to help unravel the subsidence tendency of cities located over under-consolidated fluvial deposits.

@en

In recent years, synthetic aperture radar interferometry has become a recognized geodetic tool for observing ground motion. For monitoring areas with low density of coherent targets, artificial corner reflectors (CRs) are usually introduced. The required size of a reflector depends on radar wavelength and resolution and on the required deformation accuracy. CRs have been traditionally used to provide a high signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). However, large dimensions can make the reflector bulky, difficult to install and maintain. Furthermore, if a large number of reflectors are needed for long infrastructure, such as vegetation-covered dikes, the total price of the reflectors can become unaffordable. On the other hand, small reflectors have the advantage of easy installation and low cost. In this paper, we design and study the use of small reflectors with low SCR for ground motion monitoring. In addition, we propose a new closed-form expression to estimate the interferometric phase precision of resolution cells containing a (strong or weak) point target and a clutter. Through experiments, we demonstrate that the small reflectors can also deliver displacement estimates with an accuracy of a few millimeters. To achieve this, we apply a filtering method for reducing clutter noise.

@en

Seville, with a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million, is the capital and largest city of Andalusia (S Spain). It is the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union and contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Seville harbour, located about 80 km from the Atlantic Ocean, is the only river port in Spain. The city is located on the plain of the Guadalquivir River. Using Multi-Temporal InSAR with ERS-1/2 and Envisat data a subsidence behavior is detected in the period 1992-2010. The geometry of the subsiding areas suggests that it should be conditioned by the fluvial dynamics of the Guadalquivir River and its tributaries. Facies distribution along the fluvial system (paleochannels, flood plains.), with different grain size and matrix proportion, may explain the relative subsidence between the different sectors.@en

The western part of the Netherlands has a typical Dutch landscape with drained peat meadows in polders below sea level. The area is used in concert for agriculture, recreation, residence, and nature conservation. Water levels are being artificially controlled in the area. Large areas of this region are fen-meadows that consist of wet pasture lands with drained peat soils alternated by natural and artificial lakes, ditches, reed swamps and quaking fens. The current fen-meadows have originated from the drainage of a large peat system dating back from 1800 B.C. To keep the land suitable for agricultural use, the peat area has been drained deeper in recent decades. This drainage has resulted in a subsidence of the soil and as a result the polders with fen-meadows are now 1-2 m below sea level. In between the fen-meadows, deep polders with a clay soil are found. These deep polders used to be large lakes, which have been reclaimed in the 17th century for agricultural use. Presently, these polders are 2-6 m below sea level. The observation of subsidence of wetlands is notoriously difficult using conventional geodetic techniques, due to the absence of fixed benchmarks. Here we show that analyses from persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) can be used to infer subsidence rates of several millimeters per year, using coherent targets identified in the area. These results are obtained over the Green Heart, an open area surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped ring of cities, Randstad Holland. The derived subsidence rates will be interpreted and related to processes in the shallow subsurface. This paper presents preliminary results of the investigation.@en