The decarbonization of shipping has become an important policy goal. While integrated assessment models (IAMs) are often used to explore climate mitigation strategies, they typically provide little information on international shipping, which accounts for emissions of around 0.7 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹. Here we perform a multi-IAM analysis of international shipping and show the potential for decreasing annual emissions in the next decades, with reductions of up to 86% by 2050. This is primarily achieved through the deployment of low-carbon fuels. Models that represent several potential low-carbon alternatives tend to show a deeper decarbonization of international shipping, with drop-in biofuels, renewable alcohols and green ammonia standing out as the main substitutes for conventional maritime fuels. While our results align with the 2018 emission reduction goal of the International Maritime Organization, their compatibility with the agency’s revised target is still subject to a more definitive interpretation.

The magnetocaloric properties of Mn₅Si_1-xP_xB₂ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) compounds were studied for energy harvesting applications. The crystal structure and the magnetic structure were characterized by powder X-Ray Diffraction and powder Neutron Diffraction. The results indicate that these magnetocaloric materials crystallize in the tetragonal Cr₅B₃-type crystal structure. The introduction of P causes a stretching of the c axis and compression of the a-b plane, leading to a decrease in the unit-cell volume V. In the ferromagnetic state the magnetic moments align within the a-b plane, and the magnetic moment of the Mn1 atom on the 16 l site is larger than that of the Mn2 atom on the 4c site. The Curie temperature T_C can be adjusted continuously from 305 K (x = 1) to 406 K (x = 0) by replacing Si with P. The corresponding magnetic entropy change varies from 1.90 Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹ (x = 0) to 1.35 Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹ (x = 1) for a magnetic field change of 1 T. The PM-FM transition in these compounds corresponds to a second-order phase transition. Mn₅Si_1-xP_xB₂ compounds exhibit a magnetization difference of 28.1 - 31.3 Am²kg⁻¹ for a temperature span of 30 K around T_C in an applied magnetic field of 1 T. The considerable change in magnetization, the tunable T_C near and above room temperature and the absence of thermal hysteresis make these compounds promising candidates for magnetocaloric energy harvesting materials.