Hybrid wave-wind energy converters are considered an innovative solution to decrease costs in the various phases of installation and operation and lead to a lower Levelized Cost of Energy. Currently, there are different concepts in various Technology Readiness Levels. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing wave-wind energy converters and the possible nonlinear dynamic assessment tools along with a discussion on their advantages and limitations. This paper broadly reviews and highlights the current level of understanding and knowledge of the relevant phenomena and their effects on the dynamic response of the existing concepts. The synergies between wind and wave energy -converters are discussed and key points for their future research and development are provided. It is shown that more than 60 % of studies are linear based which cannot reflect the highly nonlinear dynamic interaction between multi-bodies. It is demonstrated that the current lack of accurate simulation tools can be compensated by the proposed multilevel micro–macro modelling. This novel approach will allow representing the involved physical phenomena in the simulation of hybrid concepts taking into account the known limitations and lessons learned from the development of single or hybrid concepts and the simulation tools.

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No âmbito do projeto HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015), foi realizado no LNEC um conjunto de ensaios em modelo físico bidimensional (2D) de um perfil de um quebra-mar de talude em enrocamento, construído à escala geométrica 1:30, para diferentes condições de agitação marítima e níveis de maré correspondentes a cenários de alterações climáticas. Estas experiências tinham como objetivo analisar o dano, o espraiamento e o galgamento, nesses cenários. Em paralelo, na FEUP, e em colaboração com Deltares, foram realizados testes com a mesma configuração de quebra-mar, mas utilizando um modelo físico tridimensional (3D), construído à escala geométrica 1:35. Os resultados obtidos permitiram analisar a evolução do dano no manto resistente do quebra-mar (talude de barlamar, talude de sotamar e cabeça), assim como o galgamento, para condições com e sem sobrelevação do nível médio do mar, considerando ou não a reconstrução do talude do quebra-mar entre testes consecutivos da mesma série de testes. Foram também realizados testes com ondas multidirecionais. O presente trabalho incide sobre a análise da evolução do dano para as diferentes sequências de tempestade em cenários de alterações climáticas. O dano é avaliado com base no tradicional método de contagem de blocos removidos e ainda com base no parâmetro adimensional do dano, S recorrendo a técnicas estereofotogramétricas. É também feita uma avaliação do parâmetro E2D. Em termos gerais, concluiu-se que não havia diferenças significativas entre os testes com danos cumulativos e com a reconstrução do quebra-mar após cada teste. Observou-se, também, que o dano era mais elevado na proximidade da superfície livre e que aumentava com a altura de onda significativa. Os danos foram, em geral, menores nos testes com ondas multidirecionais.@en

This paper studies novel ways to evaluate armour damage in physical models of coastal structures. High-resolution damage data for reference rubble mound breakwaters obtained under the HYDRALAB+ joint-research project are analysed and discussed. These tests are used to analyse the way to describe damage, the influence of the sequence of testing, and touches on the possible influence of sea level rise. Results of two test programmes were used. Firstly, 3D physical model tests carried out at the University of Porto, in cooperation with Deltares, were used. Here a wide breakwater trunk was used for statistical reasons. Additionally, 2D test results from LNEC were analysed. Tests for a sea level rise scenario resulted in less damage to the seaside slope. In addition, clear differences between “cumulative damage” and “rebuild” test series were noticed. However, significant scatter was also observed in the result of tests carried out under identical conditions. It was also concluded that the damage to the trunk was lower in the tests with short-crested waves. The design values for the damage depth E2D proposed by Hofland et al. (2011) were partly in line with the experimental results presented. Since the relation between S and the depth of damage E does not hold true for non-standard cases, it seems better to use a parameter based on the local damage depth when testing such a structure. The reliability of a damage number for a test on the stability of a trunk can be improved by either increasing the relative size (width) of the test section or repeating the test.@en