Military ground vehicles require protection against ballistic threats encountered in the battlefield. Traditionally used armour steel dramatically increases the weight of a vehicle, decreasing its mobility and hampering its capability of carrying payload. The development of new material and protection concepts, namely non-metallic armours, that function as the main structural element of the vehicle hull aims to optimise this relationship between protection and manoeuvrability, mainly through weight reduction. In this work, the ballistic impact response of multi-layered non-metallic targets under the impact of high-speed armour-piercing projectiles is studied by experimental and analytical methods. The residual velocity of the projectile, the failure modes and the energy absorption of different target configurations composed of aluminium oxide, E-glass or carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composite and aluminium plates are analysed. The results show that ceramic/composite target configurations containing aluminium interlayers have better anti-penetration capability against 12.7x99mm APM2 (hardened steel core) and 7.62x51mm AP8 (tungsten carbide core) projectiles, and E-glass outperforms carbon fibre in composite backings. An energy-based terminal ballistics model is built by combining two analytical models from literature and modifying them based on experimental observations as a cost-effective, simple modern approach to forecast the ballistic performance of ceramic-faced composite-backed targets. Model verification proves challenging due to incorrect formulation, lack of detail in the algorithm and insufficient input data provided by the authors. The ceramic plate submodel is verified, and projectile and ceramic damage mechanisms contribute the most to the projectile kinetic energy dissipation. There are significant disagreements between experimental and analytical results, mainly deriving from incorrect input values of projectile and ceramic material properties. The accuracy of the analytical results is assessed by quantifying and propagating the uncertainties in model input parameters through the present penetration model. An 8mm aluminium oxide/23.04mm E-glass composite target is predicted to have as high as a 100% chance of complete perforation by a 7.62x51mm AP8 projectile, having an areal density comparable to an 8mm aluminium oxide/6.35mm aluminium/11.52mm E-glass composite target which proved to have a 60% chance of defeating the same threat. This finding highlights the advantages of using predictive analytical modelling to assist armour design processes and make risk-informed decisions.