Concrete is clearly one of the most predominant-used material in both residential and non-residential structures across Europe (Peled and Fishman, 2021). A reinforced concrete (RC) structure is expected to satisfy criteria for serviceability, structural integrity, and stability over its designed operational lifespan, without significant loss of utility or excessive unforeseen maintenance (for general requirements see also EN 1990). Comprehending the degradation mechanisms that impact these structures is essential for accurately estimating their service life and formulating cost-effective maintenance strategies. The main mechanisms responsible for concrete degradation include corrosion caused by carbonation and the presence of chloride ions, freeze-thaw cycles, sulphate attack and erosion due to high-velocity water flow, ice, or wind-blown sand.@en