New self-healing agents that can chemically bind seawater ions invading cracked cementitious materials were proposed. The potential of self-healing and binding of seawater ions were investigated by thermodynamic modeling. It was found that CaO-NaAlO₂ and CaO-metakaolin agents can have Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and Mg²⁺ chemically bound by reacting with sea water to form Friedel's salt, Kuzel's salt, ettringite and hydrotalcite. The removal of Cl⁻ from seawater firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of Ca/Al molar ratio in both agents, while the removal of Mg²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ were hardly influenced and approximated 100%. Because NaAlO₂ dissolves and releases Al(OH)₄⁻ rapidly, precipitates binding Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and Mg²⁺ were formed fast. In comparison, the reaction of metakaolin binding aggressive ions occurred after 3 days. Because of the faster reaction and the capacity to make [Cl⁻]/[OH⁻] lower in the solution, CaO-NaAlO₂ would be more efficient for self-healing and mitigating reinforcement corrossion than CaO-metakaolin.

A two-dimensional (2D) image-based methodology was proposed to measure the specific surface area (SSA, specified as the surface area per unit volume) of irregular aggregate by random sectioning. Conventional methods including spherical assumption, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and computed tomography (CT) tests were used and compared in this study. Results show that spherical assumption provides the lowest SSA among these methods since the feature of anisotropy in dimension is not considered. SSA by BET test has one order of magnitude higher value than others, which is attributed to the fact that BET method measures each position of particles that nitrogen molecule can be adsorbed on during the applied relative pressure, based on the ‘pixel’ of nitrogen molecule. The proposed random sectioning method presents very similar SSA result compared to CT method, indicating that it can be considered as a reliable method. To improve the estimation of SSA by random sectioning method, factors that may influence SSA result were analyzed. Results indicate that the number of samples should be high enough to reach a constant result and the thresholding algorithm should be adequate. Besides, a higher resolution of pixel provides a higher SSA value. The comparison among these methods demonstrate that it is necessary to determine the scale at which the features of the surface are supposed to be captured before selecting the optimal testing method.

This paper investigates the plastic viscosity of cement mortar with manufactured sand (MS) concerning the influences of geometric features and particle size of MS. The geometric features, including overall shape, angularity and roughness, of MS with various particle sizes were evaluated by aspect ratio, convexity area ratio, convexity perimeter ratio and circularity. The plastic viscosity of cement mortar was calculated based on the Bingham model. Results show that the combined effects of overall shape, angularity and roughness provide coarser MS particles with lower circularity. In terms of relative plastic viscosity, Robinson model shows optimal fittings for all mixtures and is thus used to determine the packing fraction of MS under shearing. From the particle packing viewpoint, shear-induced orientation increases the packing fraction of non-spherical MS particles from the random loose packing fraction and the influence is increasingly prominent with the decrease of circularity. The relative volume fraction is an important parameter influencing the relative plastic viscosity of mixtures with MS while the relative paste film thickness (R_PFT), calculated from the real packing fraction and specific surface area (SSA), is found as the dominating factor. The dependence of plastic viscosity of cement mortar on geometric features and particle size of MS can be attributed to their influences on the packing fraction and SSA of particles.