Water spewing and muck plugging often occur during earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machines tunnelling in water-rich sandy strata, even though the conventional foam has been employed to condition sandy soils. In this study, a novel thickened foaming agent suitable for EPB shield tunnelling in water-rich sandy strata is developed. In contrast to conventional foam-conditioned sands, the thickened foam-conditioned sand has a low permeability due to the consistent filling of soil pores with the thickened foam, and the initial permeability coefficient decreases by approximately two orders of magnitude. It also exhibits a suitable workability, which is attributed to the enhanced capability of the thickened foam to condition sandy soils. In addition, the effect of concentration on the stability of the foam is explained by the Gibbs-Marangoni effect, and conditioning mechanisms for the thickened foam on sands are discussed from the evolution of foam bubbles.

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Many recreational beaches suffer from elevated levels of microorganisms, resulting in beach advisories and closures due to lack of compliance with Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. We conducted the first statewide beach water quality assessment by analyzing decadal records of fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci and fecal coliform) levels at 262 Florida beaches. The objectives were to depict synoptic patterns of beach water quality exceedance along the entire Florida shoreline and to evaluate their relationships with wave condition and geographic location. Percent exceedances based on enterococci and fecal coliform were negatively correlated with both long-term mean wave energy and beach slope. Also, Gulf of Mexico beaches exceeded the thresholds significantly more than Atlantic Ocean ones, perhaps partially due to the lower wave energy. A possible linkage between wave energy level and water quality is beach sand, a pervasive nonpoint source that tends to harbor more bacteria in the low-wave-energy environment@en

Human health protection at recreational beaches requires accurate and timely information on microbiological conditions to issue advisories. The objective of this study was to develop a new numerical mass balance model for enterococci levels on nonpoint source beaches. The significant advantage of this model is its easy implementation, and it provides a detailed description of the cross-shore distribution of enterococci that is useful for beach management purposes. The performance of the balance model was evaluated by comparing predicted exceedances of a beach advisory threshold value to field data, and to a traditional regression model. Both the balance model and regression equation predicted approximately 70% the advisories correctly at the knee depth and over 90% at the waist depth. The balance model has the advantage over the regression equation in its ability to simulate spatiotemporal variations of microbial levels, and it is recommended for making more informed management decisions@en